Name:
Urinalysis

Data Table 1 – Urine Test Data
Test Item	Parameter	Baseline	½ Hour	1 Hour	1 ½ Hours	2 Hours	
Pretzels	pH						
	Specific gravity						
	Ketones						
	Protein						
	Glucose						Total Volume	
	Volume							
Distilled Water	pH						
	Specific gravity						
	Ketones						
	Protein						
	Glucose						Total Volume	
	Volume							
Caffeine	pH						
	Specific gravity						
	Ketones						
	Protein						
	Glucose						Total Volume	
	Volume							

•	pH normal range>> 4.5-8 (6 is average)
•	Specific gravity normal range>> 1.001 to 1.035   
Questions:

1.	Which of the substances caused an increase in volume?
Answer

2.	Which of the substances caused an increase in pH? 
Answer

3.	Which of the substances caused the specific gravity to decrease (approach 1.000)? 
Answer

4.	Salted pretzels made the subject’s body fluids hypertonic and caused the release of ADH.  The resulting more concentrated urine should have a higher specific gravity, and a very low volume of urine should be produced per hour.  Did your salt / hypertonic fluid data match the expected results? If not why do you think it didn’t match?
Answer

5.	Summarize what was happening in the subject’s kidneys during the salt (pretzel) portion of this experiment.
Answer

6.	 Distilled water made the subject’s body fluids hypotonic and inhibited the release of ADH.  The resulting more dilute urine should have a lower specific gravity (approaching 1.000), and a high volume of urine should be produced per hour.  Did your group’s distilled water / hypotonic fluid data match the expected results?  If not why do you think it didn’t match?
Answer

7.	Summarize what was happening in the subject’s kidneys during the distilled water portion of this experiment. 
Answer

8.	Caffeine increased glomerular filtration rate (how fast blood is filtered in the kidney) and overloaded the nephrons’ mechanisms to reabsorb substances, including water.  Considering that not just water reabsorption was affected, urine output should have been relatively high; but you may find little change in specific gravity or pH.  Did your group’s caffeine data match the expected results? If not why do you think it didn’t match?
Answer

9.	Summarize what was happening in the subject’s kidneys during the caffeine portion of this experiment.
Answer

10.	 Ketones are usually not found in urine.  They are intermediates of metabolism.  If this returns a result what could it be indicating?
Answer

11.	 Glucose usually is not found in urine in measurable amounts.  If this returns a result what could it be indicating?
Answer

12.	 Protein usually is not found in urine in measurable amounts.  If this returns a result what could it be indicating?
Answer

13.	Did any of the three experiments alter the ketone, glucose or protein levels?  Explain your answer.
Answer

14.	 What is a typical volume of urine that would be excreted in a day?
Answer