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- [Narrator] Now that we've
gone through all the dual

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functionality, it's time to
go through some disorders

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or problems.

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Probably one of the more
common things to think about

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with respiratory problems is asthma.

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Now asthma is going to be a
contraction of the bronchi

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that is not typical.

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A lot of times, we refer it
to as a spasmodic contraction

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of the bronchi.

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Now, these spasmodic
contractions could be caused

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by various allergic responses.

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Could be allergies to a plant,
to an animal, to a chemical.

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There are a lot of things
that can trigger an asthma

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reaction from a human.

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Now controlled by
bronchodilators, corticosteroids,

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there's various different
ways that medically, you can

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help to reduce the impacts of asthma.

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The problem is that there's
not one size fits all.

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It all depends on the
person, the age, and really

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what works for them.

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Emphysema.

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Now in the case of emphysema,
the alveoli, those tiny

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little air sacks in your lungs,
are permanently impaired.

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They might be destroyed,
they might be coated,

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they might be damaged.

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Something has happened where
those air sacks, those alveoli

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are not going to function.

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Now even though they
might be there, the person

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with emphysema might feel breathlessness.

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Because they just can't catch
their breath and the fact

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that there's less area for gas exchange.

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Because of all the damaged
alveoli, there's not as much

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surface area for gas to exchange between.

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Now quite often, emphysema
is caused from smoking.

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Because all the different
chemicals in cigarette smoke

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can get to the lungs, causing
damage to the alveoli,

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blocking them or destroying them.

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Bronchitis.

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Inflammation of the bronchi.

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Well the bronchi are going to flare up.

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Swell up.

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That can cause a problem
with the air getting through

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the bronchi.

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Now it might be acute, short-lived.

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It might be chronic,
happening over and over

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for longer durations.

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A lot of times, bronchitis
is brought on by smoking,

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air pollution.

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It can also get brought
on by a pathogen as well.

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So anything that causes the
inflammation of the bronchi.

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Cystic fibrosis.

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Now cystic fibrosis is inherited.

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It can get passed along from
generation to generation.

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What ends up happening in
cystic fibrosis is the mucus

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in the lungs is unusually thick.

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And by being unusually
thick, it starts to slow down

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and prevent normal airflow.

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Well if the air coming in
and out is slowing down,

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is being trapped, a lot of
times it ends up causing

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an increase in pulmonary infections.

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Well pulmonary is lungs.

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So you have more lung
infections than typical.

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Now other organ systems
can be affected as well as

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the respiratory system.

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Now if we look at more of
the upper respiratory track.

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So when we say upper
respiratory, we're talking nasal

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cavities, oral cavity, the throat.

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Can cause colds or the flu.

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Could be caused by a virus,
(mumbles), some viral infections

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here that will obviously
not work for antibiotics.

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So any cold or flu caused
by a virus, you simply have

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to wait it out.

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You just wait seven to 10 days
and it hopefully clears up.

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Now there are some anti-viral
medications meant to

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help it along.

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But more often than not,
colds and flu, just kind of

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let it take its course.

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Your body's going to be
fighting it and trying

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to remove it.

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Pneumonia.

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Now in the case of pneumonia,
this isn't necessarily

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an upper respiratory infection.

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It can start as one, but
this can then move down into

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the lung itself.

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You can have bacterial
pneumonia or viral pneumonia.

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And pneumonia can be quite
deadly if it's not cared for

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or not observed.

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Now more often than not,
pneumonia if it's viral,

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a lot of times, bed rest,
maybe you might have some

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certain kind of medications
to help open up the airways.

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But you can't really
take medication to get

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rid of pneumonia.

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In the case of bacterial
pneumonia, a lot of times

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antibiotics are quite helpful.

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Tuberculosis.

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Now tuberculosis is a bacterial infection.

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Everybody's like hey, great, no problem.

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Antibiotics.

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Yes and no.

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Because some strains of
tuberculosis, the person

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actually has to be an antibiotic
regiment for an entire

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year to get rid of it.

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Tuberculosis isn't one of
those things that's just

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regularly and easily removed.

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So the remnants, what's
left behind, are these

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bacterial infection-based scars.

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So a lung is now having
scars on the inside.

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If you end up with scars
in your lungs, wherever

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the scars are, they're not
functional for gas exchange.

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And what's kind of almost a little scary

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about tuberculosis is it
doesn't have to be active.

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You don't have to have
symptoms to have tuberculosis.

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Tuberculosis might simply
stay dormant for years

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and years and years.

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And all of a sudden one
day jit ust reactivates.

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It could be a very stressful event.

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Maybe your immune system
was very compromised

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at that point.

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But something all of a sudden
triggered it to reactivate.

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So how do you diagnose it?

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A lot of times a chest x-ray will tell.

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But there's also a tuberculin skin test.

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So one of the two or both
together might provide

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for a positive diagnoses.

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I put down antibiotics for the treatment.

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Well antibiotics for the
treatment because it's

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a bacterial infection.

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Lung cancer.

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Now lung cancer is one of
those cancers that's very hard

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to detect.

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Because for most cancers,
if you can catch it in the

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early stages, stage one, stage two.

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Medicine has gotten pretty
good at getting rid of them.

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Helping with the five-year survival rates.

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But lung cancer sits inside
the lungs and a lot of times,

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the growth of cancer of lungs
just mimics a smoker's cough.

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You might have a little
harder time breathing.

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You might get a little more
cough, a little more phlegm.

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But it's this abnormal
cells growing and growing

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and growing.

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Eventually it can get bad
enough where it can reduce

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your air flow.

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It might even totally impede
the air flow to a certain

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part of the lungs.

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Well if you impede the air flow,
the gas exchange decreases.

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A decrease in gas exchange
can be very quickly identified

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through the blood flow.

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And about a third of all US
cancer deaths are actually

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from lung cancer.

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Just because it's so hard
to find in the early stages,

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because of where it's located
and how it mimics other types

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of infections.

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Now figure 90% of cases are
associated with smoking.

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That doesn't mean the person was a smoker.

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It means that they're
associated, could be the smoker.

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Could be from second-hand smoke.

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Radon gas.

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Or asbestos.

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Now a lot of times, most places
don't have asbestos anymore.

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Radon gas?

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It can always be a potential
question but anything that's

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a newer build usually has
been tested and has special

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venting methods to get rid of radon gas.

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Special ways of venting
outside the structure prevent

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the issues.

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So lung cancer.

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Large amount though.

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Because it's associated with smoking.

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So here's a picture comparing
a normal lung on the left.

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That's letter A.

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To your cancerous lung, letter B.

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Besides the coloration,
notice the difference.

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Yeah, look at all the open spaces.

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All the broken aveoli
in the cancerous lung.

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And besides the parts that
are broken, they've got these

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areas of huge dense amount of cells.

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If they're all densely
filled cells, there's no room

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for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

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Alright so pneumothorax.

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Pretty much pneumothorax
is a fancy name for

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a collapsed lung.

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So quite often, a pneumothorax
is because something

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is penetrated into the lung cavity.

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If you penetrate that
membrane over the lungs,

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the lung itself simply deflates.

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It shrivels on down.

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And unfortunately, you cannot
re-inflate the lung yourself.

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I don't care how hard you inhale.

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I don't care how hard you
suck that air in and try

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to push the lung open.

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The only way to re-inflate
a lung is to seek

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medical help.

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So how do you treat it?

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Pull air out of the cavity.

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As you pull air out of that
pleural cavity, the space

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between the ribs and the
lung, it'll slowly pull

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the lung back to its original shape.

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Where it's held almost
in place against the

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exterior wall.

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All because that double
membrane, that pleural membrane

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helps to create this kind
of pressure to pull against

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the rib cage.

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So pneumothorax.

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Then we have congestive heart failure.

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Well in the case of
congestive heart failure,

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the heart itself just
becomes less efficient.

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It's not able to pump as easily.

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More often than not, it's
a failure on the left side

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of the heart.

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Well the reason it's more
often than not the left,

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is the left is the higher pressure side.

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It's the side that really
is pushing and blowing

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throughout the entire body.

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So if you have this left side
fail, the blood squirts it

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00:11:03,869 --> 00:11:06,036
back up towards the right.

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Well the structure has to be
between the right and left

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00:11:09,782 --> 00:11:13,199
heart chambers is referring to the lungs.

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The blood leaves the
right side of the heart,

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goes to the lungs, comes
back to the left side.

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Well if the left side isn't
moving, well then, it backs

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up onto the right eventually
after the pulmonary.

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00:11:28,413 --> 00:11:31,214
And by building up fluid
in the lungs (mumbles)

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very efficient at gas exchange then?

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00:11:33,533 --> 00:11:35,108
No.

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00:11:35,108 --> 00:11:39,275
So any fluid build-up in the
lungs impairs gas exchange.

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How do you treat it?

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Improve the pumping action of the heart.

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Sounds simple but how do you do that?

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Well to improve pumping
action to the heart,

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you have to work out.

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Work out the heart, work
out the rest of the body,

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increase blood flow to the
body, and increase the heart's

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functionality as well.

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00:12:04,335 --> 00:12:07,439
So as you improve this
pumping action to the heart,

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you also must remove the fluid.

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Get rid of excess fluid in
the body, there's no point

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in keeping it around.

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So get rid of it.

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Congestive heart failure.

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Even though it's the heart,
we'll starting to deal

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with problems of the lungs.

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It can back up the blood into
the lungs, causing the lungs

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to not be efficient.