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- [Instructor] Here we are looking through

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the respiratory system.

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We're looking at the different.

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First off, what is respiration?

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Respiration takes into account

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several different things.

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First off, breathing, the movement of

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air into and out of the lungs.

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It's as simple as the air goes in,

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the air goes back out, but what's really

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interesting is what happens to that air

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when it goes into the lungs.

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Once in the lungs you start with your

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external respiration.

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Your external respiration is when

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you oxygen, O2, and carbon dioxide, CO2,

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exchange between the lungs and the blood.

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The blood is going to take in oxygen

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while the blood gives off carbon dioxide

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to the lungs, so this
external respiration is where

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the respiratory and
circulatory systems overlap.

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Then you've got transport.

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You can carry the oxygen away from

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the lungs down to the tissues.

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You can carry the carbon dioxide from

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the tissues back up to the lungs.

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While we're in the tissues, we have this

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internal respiration.

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Internal respiration is where an exchange

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in the gases O2 and CO2, so oxygen

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and carbon dioxide, between systemic blood

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and the tissues.

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What that means is, your blood will be

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giving off oxygen to tissues,

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things like muscles or our stomach,

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while the blood will be
picking up carbon dioxide.

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So you have this two sided thing.

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Can't we talk about respiration

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without dealing with
the circulatory system.

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Then we have what's called
cellular respiration.

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Cellular respiration is what's
being used in the cells.

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The oxygen itself is
being used to make ATP,

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your energy source.

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As you make the ATP the carbon dioxide is

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used as a waste product.

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Here is our respiratory system.

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What you're seeing is the
upper respiratory system

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starts with the nose.

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That's how the air gets in.

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But is that the only way for air to

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get into the respiratory system?

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No, because you go through the nose

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to these nasal cavity, kind of filtering

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and warming, helping to clean stuff out

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down to the pharynx which
is part of the throat.

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But don't forget, the mouth also

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connects to the throat.

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That means both the nose and mouth

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are able to bring in air.

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Now, it's usually more beneficial to

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bring air in through the nose

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because this way you have
a chance to warm it op,

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you have a chance to filter it,

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it just really helps to get things ready

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for the lungs.

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Once you've passed through here

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you go down past the epiglottis.

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The epiglottis is meant to protect,

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prevent liquids and solids from getting

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down in the lungs.

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You get down to the rest of
the lower respiratory tract.

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The larynx, that's where
our vocal chords are.

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The trachea, it a big tube that carries

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air from your upper
respiratory down to the lungs.

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Once you're in the lungs, that's where

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you have all these individual alveoli.

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That's what's actually
causing gas exchange.

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Before you get to the individual parts

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you go from the trachea into the bronchi.

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They're branching pathways.

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Bronchi eventually get
to the alveolar air sacs.

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Everything is kept
protected by the rib cage.

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It helps to keep it
protected from external,

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but also helps with the
actual process of breathing.

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Pleural membranes.

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Your lungs are going to have

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a double membrane system around them.

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They have an outer and
inner pleural membrane.

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It helps prevent friction
damage as the lungs move around.

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Then we have some musculature,

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intercostal ribs with the diaphram.

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These muscles are what cause the lungs

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to actually expand in size.

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It allows them to expand in size

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and therefore they can help and bring air

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into the system.

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Now that we've seen the structures of

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the upper respiratory tract,
let's figure what it does.

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First and probably most obviously,

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it's a passageway for respiration.

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It's a passageway to get air in,

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but you also have your smell receptors.

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This is where you find the ability to

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smell pretty much anything
in the environment.

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Now are our smell receptors as sensitive

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as a dog's?

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No, but we have a different variation,

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with these filters.

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Do you ever wonder what the point of

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those little hairs in your nose is?

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They're filters.

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They help prevent larger objects from

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getting into your respiratory tract.

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It's not just little hairs.

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You also have mucus, and mucus is meant to

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trap different
microorganisms, trying to help

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prevent them from getting
down into your lungs.

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It moistens and warms the incoming air.

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Have you ever been outside on a day

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when it's zero degrees out, nice and cold?

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Well, zero degrees Fahrenheit, if you take

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a big gulp of air through your mouth,

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you might feel it down in your lungs.

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Your lungs might feel a
little bit cool, a bit tight.

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But you do the same
thing, a big inhalation

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through your nose, it
won't feel the same way.

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The nose allows the air to
pass through more membrane.

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It allows it to get warmer
and gives it more moisture

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so it's better for the lungs
when it gets down there.

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Voice, how do you create your voice?

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It's air rushing past your vocal chords

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and then bouncing around your mouth,

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your nasal cavity, creating
all different sounds.

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Here you can see the
tongue, external nose,

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the sinuses up top.

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Let's fill the gaps in here.

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Through the nostril, that's how the air

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gets into the upper respiratory tract.

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Nasal cavity, well in
this case you can see

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a larger opening that allows the sound

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and the air to kind of bounce around,

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pick up moisture from the air

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or create a resonance of your sound.

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Opening of the auditory tube.

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The auditory tube is what leads to

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your internal ear, so that's how you can

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help to relieve some
pressure in the internal ear.

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Pharynx is simply the back of the mouth,

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back of the nose.

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It's the tube that runs down from the nose

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and mouth down to the throat.

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Epiglottis I mentioned, it helps prevent

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food and liquid from
getting down the lungs.

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The glottis is simply the opening.

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When the epiglottis is opened, it allows

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air to pass through the glottis

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but when you're swallowing food or liquid

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the epiglottis bends
down, blocking the glottis

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preventing things from
going into the lungs.

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You know that larynx, it's kind of

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that cartilaginous projection.

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It's usually more prominent
in males than females.

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You think of it as the voicebox.

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It's just that cartilaginous
projection there.

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Both males and females do
have it, just different sizes

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depending on male and female.

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And the trachea.

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The trachea will take
the air and transport it

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down your throat, down to the chest

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and towards each lung.

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Now the lower respiratory tract, we saw

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the overview already.

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We start with the larynx.

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Because the larynx is cartilage-filled,

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it helps keep the airway opened.

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It makes sure that the
air goes into the trachea

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but also makes sure that the
food and liquid does not.

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The larynx helps a little
bit with sound production,

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considering air is passing through.

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It kind of creates a little
vibrational bit of sound here.

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Trachea.

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Simply put, the trachea is
meant to be a transport.

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It allows the air to get from

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your upper respiratory down to your lungs.

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Once the trachea stops it branches off

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into two tubes, a right and left bronchi.

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Those bronchi then keep
splitting and splitting

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so there's a whole
branching network of tubes

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that are leading into your lungs, bronchi.

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Once they reach the lungs,
their purpose, exchanging gas.

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Allow oxygen to go into
your blood for transport,

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allow carbon dioxide to leave your blood

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so you can exit it out.

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So here's the larynx.

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You can see it starts right up on top.

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It's nice and cartilaginous,
nice and solid.

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The trachea leads down into

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the right and left bronchus.

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Well, from there you can see how it keeps

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branching and branching and branching.

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Eventually it branches into
what are called bronchioles.

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Bronchioles are simply smaller tubes.

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The tubes keep getting smaller
and smaller and smaller

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until eventually you reach
these clusters of alveoli.

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The alveoli clusters are what house

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the individual spherical
structures of the alveoli.

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That's where the gas exchange occurs.

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Before we can get down to
the trachea and the larynx,

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we have to go through this opening

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where the vocal chords are.

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The vocal chords are simply going to be

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fibers that are stretched
tightly across the opening.

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The left hand, or the a figure here,

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you can see how the
vocal chords are opened,

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while the right hand figure or the b one,

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you can see how the
vocal chords are closed.

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Depending on how close or
how far away vocal chords are

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they create different sounds.

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You then take those different sounds

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and you shape them.

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You shape them by moving your tongue,

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by the shape of your mouth,
how much your mouth is

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open or closed, do you
have a nasal congestion?

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All this affects your sound.

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So how do you protect it

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when you're constantly breathing in all of

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these foreign particles?

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Well, we already mentioned mucus.

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Mucus is meant to entrap.

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Mucus is meant to prevent
different microorganisms

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from getting down to your lungs.

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But you're saying well, that
mucus picks up a lot of stuff.

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Thankfully, you have cilia with the mucus.

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The cilia are going to take this mucus

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and move the mucus up
the respiratory tract

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until it can get out of
the respiratory tract.

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If you have a cold or allergies,

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you notice that increased amount of mucus

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in the back of your throat.

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Well one of the places it's
coming from is right here.

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But if you're healthy, no allergies,

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you probably don't even know that mucus

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is coming up and it's
simply being dumped down

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your esophagus.

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It's being dumped down the esophagus

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to go down into your stomach.

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Your stomach then just destroys it all.

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Smoking can damage the cilia.

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So if you damage the cilia, now the mucus

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is having a hard time being removed,

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if it's removed at all.

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That's where this whole
cough reflex comes in.

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A cough reflex is basically
your body's way of saying

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hey, we've got mucus on
these cilia right here.

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We want to get rid of the mucus.

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So you can see these kind of
pinkish little things here.

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This is a graft of your
inside of your trachea.

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The pinkish things are the little cilia

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as it helps it to move the mucus along.

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If you have a real lot of buildup in here

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that cough reflex can trigger and tries to

262
00:12:53,491 --> 00:12:56,137
clear this whole passage out by causing

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00:12:56,137 --> 00:12:59,316
you to cough and use air to forcibly

264
00:12:59,316 --> 00:13:00,649
expel the mucus.

265
00:13:03,783 --> 00:13:05,280
But now this one over here, you see

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00:13:05,280 --> 00:13:07,675
the smoker's airway.

267
00:13:07,675 --> 00:13:10,145
Notice anything missing?

268
00:13:10,145 --> 00:13:13,467
Yeah, the cilia are pretty much gone.

269
00:13:13,467 --> 00:13:14,805
There's a few left around but for

270
00:13:14,805 --> 00:13:17,517
the most part they're gone.

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00:13:17,517 --> 00:13:18,830
A lot of times the chemicals in

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00:13:18,830 --> 00:13:21,611
someone's cigarette
smoke, or for that matter

273
00:13:21,611 --> 00:13:23,362
other types of smoke, are going to

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00:13:23,362 --> 00:13:26,375
damage the cilia, making the environment

275
00:13:26,375 --> 00:13:29,375
less habitable to that type of cell.

276
00:13:30,596 --> 00:13:32,217
Well, less cilia means more chance of

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00:13:32,217 --> 00:13:34,792
microorganisms staying in mucus

278
00:13:34,792 --> 00:13:37,042
and staying in your system.

279
00:13:38,469 --> 00:13:40,665
So a healthy system's a whole lot better

280
00:13:40,665 --> 00:13:42,569
because it helps get rid of any

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00:13:42,569 --> 00:13:45,396
foreign particles, get rid
of those microorganisms.