1
00:00:01,507 --> 00:00:03,312
- [Narrator] Now that
we've gone through all

2
00:00:03,312 --> 00:00:05,613
the normal function of the
heart and blood vessels,

3
00:00:05,613 --> 00:00:08,891
how about some
abnormalities, some problems.

4
00:00:08,891 --> 00:00:12,214
First off we have angina pectoris here.

5
00:00:12,214 --> 00:00:15,254
This occurs whenever
the coronary arteries,

6
00:00:15,254 --> 00:00:17,192
those are the arteries that give blood

7
00:00:17,192 --> 00:00:20,342
to the actual cardiac muscle,

8
00:00:20,342 --> 00:00:23,931
are narrowed or partially blocked.

9
00:00:23,931 --> 00:00:27,008
If you narrow or partially
block a coronary artery,

10
00:00:27,008 --> 00:00:31,800
less blood is getting to
the actual cardiac muscle,

11
00:00:31,800 --> 00:00:34,172
the muscle of the heart.

12
00:00:34,172 --> 00:00:36,198
Less blood to the muscle of the heart,

13
00:00:36,198 --> 00:00:38,952
means less oxygen, less nutrients.

14
00:00:38,952 --> 00:00:41,869
The muscles start to have problems.

15
00:00:43,829 --> 00:00:46,207
Congestive heart failure.

16
00:00:46,207 --> 00:00:49,155
In this case, the pumping
efficiency of the heart

17
00:00:49,155 --> 00:00:50,322
is going down.

18
00:00:51,580 --> 00:00:53,499
It could be that there's
too much musculature

19
00:00:53,499 --> 00:00:55,779
so it can't move efficiently.

20
00:00:55,779 --> 00:00:58,842
It could be that there is some scar tissue

21
00:00:58,842 --> 00:01:01,058
preventing the heart
from pumping efficiently.

22
00:01:01,058 --> 00:01:04,959
It could be numerous different factors.

23
00:01:04,959 --> 00:01:07,554
But congestive heart
failure means something

24
00:01:07,554 --> 00:01:11,721
is reducing the efficiency
of pumping in the heart.

25
00:01:13,486 --> 00:01:17,755
Embolism. It's a blockage
of blood vessels.

26
00:01:17,755 --> 00:01:20,023
All of sudden the red blood
cells or white blood cells

27
00:01:20,023 --> 00:01:24,283
are clumped up with the platelets
and creating a blockage.

28
00:01:24,283 --> 00:01:27,980
If you completely block any blood vessel,

29
00:01:27,980 --> 00:01:31,340
that means no blood is
traveling beyond it.

30
00:01:31,340 --> 00:01:32,992
So that can be quite a problem,

31
00:01:32,992 --> 00:01:35,806
depending on where that's going.

32
00:01:35,806 --> 00:01:39,223
Stroke. Impaired blood flow to the brain.

33
00:01:41,302 --> 00:01:44,850
In this case, if you
either block the blood flow

34
00:01:44,850 --> 00:01:48,318
or a vessel ruptures in the
brain and the blood flow

35
00:01:48,318 --> 00:01:51,930
seeps out, the blood
flow now is not taking

36
00:01:51,930 --> 00:01:56,370
the essential oxygen
molecules and the essential

37
00:01:56,370 --> 00:01:58,936
nutrients up to feed the brain.

38
00:01:58,936 --> 00:02:01,345
In that case, the brain cannot
keep functioning properly

39
00:02:01,345 --> 00:02:02,762
at that location.

40
00:02:05,449 --> 00:02:08,709
Heart attack. A heart
attack is also known as

41
00:02:08,709 --> 00:02:13,137
a myocardial infarction,
or myocardial infarc.

42
00:02:13,137 --> 00:02:16,334
What happens here is,
there's damage to the muscle,

43
00:02:16,334 --> 00:02:19,206
or the myocardium of the heart.

44
00:02:19,206 --> 00:02:21,985
This damage could be from lack of oxygen,

45
00:02:21,985 --> 00:02:24,351
could be from lack of nutrients,

46
00:02:24,351 --> 00:02:27,007
could be from an injury.

47
00:02:27,007 --> 00:02:28,890
But the damage is permanent,

48
00:02:28,890 --> 00:02:31,973
which results in scar tissue forming.

49
00:02:33,215 --> 00:02:35,927
A lot of times a heart
attack will be found with

50
00:02:35,927 --> 00:02:38,173
intense chest pain.

51
00:02:38,173 --> 00:02:40,163
You'll feel kind of like
this radiating pain from

52
00:02:40,163 --> 00:02:42,777
the chest going down your left arm.

53
00:02:42,777 --> 00:02:45,230
Might feel like that elephant
is sitting on your chest,

54
00:02:45,230 --> 00:02:47,314
like it's going to collapse it.

55
00:02:47,314 --> 00:02:49,734
Breathing will become difficult.

56
00:02:49,734 --> 00:02:51,634
You'll have pain
throughout your lower jaw,

57
00:02:51,634 --> 00:02:53,580
your neck, your upper back,

58
00:02:53,580 --> 00:02:55,813
maybe above the stomach area.

59
00:02:55,813 --> 00:02:58,629
Might even get nausea with this.

60
00:02:58,629 --> 00:03:00,023
You might have one of these symptoms,

61
00:03:00,023 --> 00:03:02,005
might have all of these symptoms.

62
00:03:02,005 --> 00:03:05,479
A heart attack varies
depending on person to person.

63
00:03:05,479 --> 00:03:08,154
But usually you're going to
have that pretty steadily,

64
00:03:08,154 --> 00:03:12,211
having that chest pain,
radiating down the left arm.

65
00:03:12,211 --> 00:03:14,064
Why the left arm?

66
00:03:14,064 --> 00:03:17,629
Your heart is actually
just slightly off-center

67
00:03:17,629 --> 00:03:19,796
of the left of your chest.

68
00:03:21,645 --> 00:03:23,363
So if you drew a line right in the middle,

69
00:03:23,363 --> 00:03:25,062
just a little bit to the left of that,

70
00:03:25,062 --> 00:03:27,845
so a little closer to your left arm.

71
00:03:27,845 --> 00:03:29,932
How do you diagnose if it's a chest pain,

72
00:03:29,932 --> 00:03:31,580
which is a heart attack?

73
00:03:31,580 --> 00:03:35,027
Or chest pain which is
a serious stress attack?

74
00:03:35,027 --> 00:03:36,360
EKG. Blood test.

75
00:03:38,379 --> 00:03:42,744
EKG can measure the electrical
impulses in the heart

76
00:03:42,744 --> 00:03:47,013
identifying what's going on
helping out with diagnosis.

77
00:03:47,013 --> 00:03:50,074
You can do a blood test trying
to find certain enzymes.

78
00:03:50,074 --> 00:03:53,308
If certain enzymes are
increased in your blood,

79
00:03:53,308 --> 00:03:56,891
that means the heart
muscle's been damaged.

80
00:03:58,268 --> 00:04:00,122
How do you prevent it?

81
00:04:00,122 --> 00:04:03,703
Prevention is trying to
stay as healthy as possible.

82
00:04:03,703 --> 00:04:06,496
Sometimes these factors
are out of our control.

83
00:04:06,496 --> 00:04:07,935
Sometimes it's genetic based and you have

84
00:04:07,935 --> 00:04:09,892
nothing to do with it.

85
00:04:09,892 --> 00:04:11,122
So the treatment, a lot of times,

86
00:04:11,122 --> 00:04:13,647
can be clot-busting medications.

87
00:04:13,647 --> 00:04:15,147
We have CABG here.

88
00:04:16,298 --> 00:04:20,159
A lot of things can help try
to treat the heart attack

89
00:04:20,159 --> 00:04:22,973
but you can't necessarily
reverse the heart attack,

90
00:04:22,973 --> 00:04:25,424
or reverse the damage.

91
00:04:25,424 --> 00:04:29,370
Here, we are seeing an image
of a coronary angiogram.

92
00:04:29,370 --> 00:04:32,663
What you're looking at
is the vessels running

93
00:04:32,663 --> 00:04:34,862
around the heart.

94
00:04:34,862 --> 00:04:38,104
Those red and blackish
lines are the blood vessels,

95
00:04:38,104 --> 00:04:40,597
or the coronary arteries
running around the heart.

96
00:04:40,597 --> 00:04:44,097
Feeding nutrients and gasses to the heart.

97
00:04:45,505 --> 00:04:47,414
The reason you can see these now,

98
00:04:47,414 --> 00:04:51,106
is because a contrast medium was injected.

99
00:04:51,106 --> 00:04:53,849
That contrast medium allows an x-ray

100
00:04:53,849 --> 00:04:56,016
to actually see the blood.

101
00:04:56,915 --> 00:04:58,637
Kind of think of if
you put a dye in there,

102
00:04:58,637 --> 00:05:00,437
and then we're able to see the dye.

103
00:05:00,437 --> 00:05:02,516
Same idea, just using x-ray.

104
00:05:02,516 --> 00:05:05,112
But what's important to note here,

105
00:05:05,112 --> 00:05:06,362
is right there.

106
00:05:07,259 --> 00:05:09,592
That thinning of the vessel.

107
00:05:10,694 --> 00:05:13,068
Because that vessel is thinner now,

108
00:05:13,068 --> 00:05:16,346
it's showing where there is a
problem because of narrowing.

109
00:05:16,346 --> 00:05:18,233
You have less blood getting through

110
00:05:18,233 --> 00:05:20,671
and it's impeding the flow of blood

111
00:05:20,671 --> 00:05:23,482
to that area of the heart.

112
00:05:23,482 --> 00:05:25,295
So you're looking at
this coronary angiogram

113
00:05:25,295 --> 00:05:29,462
to help us identify where
problems are around the heart.

114
00:05:31,191 --> 00:05:34,108
What we're looking at here
now, is a normal heart.

115
00:05:34,108 --> 00:05:37,745
But we have a few things
that are a little different.

116
00:05:37,745 --> 00:05:40,828
Look at the three white dotted ovals.

117
00:05:41,675 --> 00:05:44,152
You can see how in those vessels you have

118
00:05:44,152 --> 00:05:46,567
a build up of plaque.

119
00:05:46,567 --> 00:05:49,719
It's either completely
blocked or the majority

120
00:05:49,719 --> 00:05:53,018
of it has been blocked to the blood flow.

121
00:05:53,018 --> 00:05:55,467
What's happened now is, we've gone through

122
00:05:55,467 --> 00:05:57,239
and had a bypass.

123
00:05:57,239 --> 00:05:58,952
This is a triple bypass.

124
00:05:58,952 --> 00:06:01,559
You can see there are three arteries

125
00:06:01,559 --> 00:06:04,390
that have been grafted on.

126
00:06:04,390 --> 00:06:06,373
They serve as arteries but in reality,

127
00:06:06,373 --> 00:06:08,563
they're actually veins.

128
00:06:08,563 --> 00:06:12,699
The veins are used to
graft on to the aorta

129
00:06:12,699 --> 00:06:15,616
down passed these plaque blockages.

130
00:06:18,303 --> 00:06:20,752
What this allows for now is,

131
00:06:20,752 --> 00:06:23,840
an area where the blood can flow through

132
00:06:23,840 --> 00:06:28,007
beyond the blockage and still
give blood to the heart.

133
00:06:29,498 --> 00:06:32,690
So we have these grafts.
This is a triple bypass.

134
00:06:32,690 --> 00:06:37,451
Bypassing three areas that
were quite problematic.

135
00:06:37,451 --> 00:06:40,125
How do you reduce the risk
of cardiovascular disease?

136
00:06:40,125 --> 00:06:41,589
How do you reduce your risk?

137
00:06:41,589 --> 00:06:43,463
First off, smoking.

138
00:06:43,463 --> 00:06:44,739
Just don't smoke.

139
00:06:44,739 --> 00:06:47,572
It's really very simple. Or is it?

140
00:06:48,524 --> 00:06:51,952
To start smoking, it's a
lot of time a peer pressure

141
00:06:51,952 --> 00:06:54,005
or something along those lines.

142
00:06:54,005 --> 00:06:57,028
So if you don't start smoking
it helps out immensely.

143
00:06:57,028 --> 00:07:01,343
But if you've already started,
it is not easy to quit.

144
00:07:01,343 --> 00:07:06,104
Smoking is one the most
addictive drugs out there.

145
00:07:06,104 --> 00:07:08,479
Not just pure chemically
because there are other things

146
00:07:08,479 --> 00:07:12,593
that are much more addictive
on a chemical nature.

147
00:07:12,593 --> 00:07:15,926
But smoking also has a social addiction.

148
00:07:18,424 --> 00:07:20,285
You get in the habit of
certain times of the day,

149
00:07:20,285 --> 00:07:22,546
maybe after a meal or
maybe when you're walking

150
00:07:22,546 --> 00:07:24,255
to your car, or maybe
you go out with a friend

151
00:07:24,255 --> 00:07:25,672
that smokes also.

152
00:07:26,517 --> 00:07:28,592
These times when you see the cigarette,

153
00:07:28,592 --> 00:07:32,195
you are in the habit
of having a cigarette.

154
00:07:32,195 --> 00:07:34,582
Smoking, if you can just not start it,

155
00:07:34,582 --> 00:07:36,164
that's the best thing.

156
00:07:36,164 --> 00:07:38,841
If you're already smoking,
give it a try to quit.

157
00:07:38,841 --> 00:07:41,024
I know it's not easy, but
there are a lot of different

158
00:07:41,024 --> 00:07:43,305
ways out there, a lot of
people are willing to help.

159
00:07:43,305 --> 00:07:46,271
A lot of different programs
are willing to help.

160
00:07:46,271 --> 00:07:48,512
By quiting smoking, it
helps out not only your

161
00:07:48,512 --> 00:07:51,678
cardiovascular risk, but
helps out your respiratory,

162
00:07:51,678 --> 00:07:53,569
and a lot of other things in your body,

163
00:07:53,569 --> 00:07:55,563
believe it or not within
the first couple of weeks

164
00:07:55,563 --> 00:07:57,896
you can notice a difference.

165
00:07:58,753 --> 00:08:02,343
Blood lipids. Watch your cholesterol.

166
00:08:02,343 --> 00:08:05,016
You're supposed to have some cholesterol,

167
00:08:05,016 --> 00:08:07,055
but you're not supposed
to have too much of it.

168
00:08:07,055 --> 00:08:10,213
So keep an eye on how
much is in your system.

169
00:08:10,213 --> 00:08:12,725
Exercise. I know we've all heard this.

170
00:08:12,725 --> 00:08:14,822
Regular exercise, healthy.

171
00:08:14,822 --> 00:08:17,016
But we just don't have time for it.

172
00:08:17,016 --> 00:08:18,811
It depends on what you do in life,

173
00:08:18,811 --> 00:08:20,285
what your lifestyle is.

174
00:08:20,285 --> 00:08:22,228
If you have a job that's very physical

175
00:08:22,228 --> 00:08:24,519
and you're constantly
moving and working around,

176
00:08:24,519 --> 00:08:27,504
then no, that might be
your exercise for the day.

177
00:08:27,504 --> 00:08:29,037
But if you have sedentary
job, maybe you're at

178
00:08:29,037 --> 00:08:31,651
your desk all day, it
is really important to

179
00:08:31,651 --> 00:08:33,827
get out and get some exercise.

180
00:08:33,827 --> 00:08:35,697
Whether it's simply doing
a couple flights of stairs

181
00:08:35,697 --> 00:08:37,444
in the building you work at,

182
00:08:37,444 --> 00:08:39,700
or trying to walk around
the house a couple of times,

183
00:08:39,700 --> 00:08:41,961
or maybe walk around the floor you work.

184
00:08:41,961 --> 00:08:45,023
Just something to get the
blood moving a little bit more

185
00:08:45,023 --> 00:08:49,444
to try to keep the body
in a little better shape.

186
00:08:49,444 --> 00:08:51,268
Blood pressure.

187
00:08:51,268 --> 00:08:53,352
If blood pressure's too
high, it can cause damage

188
00:08:53,352 --> 00:08:55,247
to the heart.

189
00:08:55,247 --> 00:08:57,318
If you damage the heart,
there's also more chance

190
00:08:57,318 --> 00:08:59,485
of cardiovascular disease.

191
00:09:01,751 --> 00:09:05,452
Weight. If you can stay
within a healthy weight range

192
00:09:05,452 --> 00:09:08,487
it will decrease the risk of any of these

193
00:09:08,487 --> 00:09:10,487
cardiovascular problems.

194
00:09:11,566 --> 00:09:13,707
Someone who's overweight
will increase the risk

195
00:09:13,707 --> 00:09:15,778
of heart attacks, increase of strokes,

196
00:09:15,778 --> 00:09:17,728
increase their risk of
pretty much everything

197
00:09:17,728 --> 00:09:20,718
we just discussed because
your body isn't meant

198
00:09:20,718 --> 00:09:23,301
to hold this much extra weight.

199
00:09:24,719 --> 00:09:26,765
Is it easy to lose weight
if it's been that way

200
00:09:26,765 --> 00:09:27,861
your whole life?

201
00:09:27,861 --> 00:09:29,802
No, it's not easy.

202
00:09:29,802 --> 00:09:32,274
But by working out,
following a healthy diet,

203
00:09:32,274 --> 00:09:36,515
most people can start to
slowly lose some weight.

204
00:09:36,515 --> 00:09:39,645
You're not meant to lose it overnight.

205
00:09:39,645 --> 00:09:41,321
It's not healthy to drop two pounds a day

206
00:09:41,321 --> 00:09:44,148
so you drop 14 pounds in a week.

207
00:09:44,148 --> 00:09:46,431
That's not healthy.

208
00:09:46,431 --> 00:09:50,006
You want to slowly lose
the weight as you change

209
00:09:50,006 --> 00:09:52,666
your lifestyle to include more exercise,

210
00:09:52,666 --> 00:09:55,499
include more healthy diet choices.

211
00:09:56,791 --> 00:10:00,963
It's not meant to be a quick
one week, one month here.

212
00:10:00,963 --> 00:10:03,990
Losing weight is supposed
to be a lifelong idea.

213
00:10:03,990 --> 00:10:06,807
Keeping healthy, lifelong ideas.

214
00:10:06,807 --> 00:10:09,232
Don't rush into it,
saying it has to be done.

215
00:10:09,232 --> 00:10:11,340
If you're going to lose
10 pounds in a year,

216
00:10:11,340 --> 00:10:12,711
you still lost 10 pounds.

217
00:10:12,711 --> 00:10:13,794
That's great.

218
00:10:14,639 --> 00:10:16,140
It's not meant to be fast.

219
00:10:16,140 --> 00:10:19,594
Just the idea of thinking
about trying to act on it

220
00:10:19,594 --> 00:10:22,669
and therefore hopefully it's
not going to go any higher.

221
00:10:22,669 --> 00:10:26,334
But it might go a little bit lower.

222
00:10:26,334 --> 00:10:29,336
The disorder diabetes mellitus.

223
00:10:29,336 --> 00:10:30,889
Early diagnosis is probably one of

224
00:10:30,889 --> 00:10:33,316
the most important things here.

225
00:10:33,316 --> 00:10:36,373
Because treatment can help
delay further problems

226
00:10:36,373 --> 00:10:38,873
of diabetes mellitus,
but also reduce the risk

227
00:10:38,873 --> 00:10:41,123
of cardiovascular problems.

228
00:10:43,672 --> 00:10:46,589
Stress. Can we simply avoid stress?

229
00:10:48,380 --> 00:10:49,628
No, there is stress in life.

230
00:10:49,628 --> 00:10:51,419
That's the way it is.

231
00:10:51,419 --> 00:10:54,200
But what we want to
try to do is avoid very

232
00:10:54,200 --> 00:10:57,783
long-term, chronic
stress that's very high.

233
00:10:59,267 --> 00:11:01,494
Everyone can handle a
high amount of stress

234
00:11:01,494 --> 00:11:02,744
here and there.

235
00:11:04,073 --> 00:11:08,029
But keeping high, chronic levels
of stress for long periods,

236
00:11:08,029 --> 00:11:10,529
not the best idea if possible.