1 00:00:01,143 --> 00:00:03,070 - [Instructor] Blood typing is all about 2 00:00:03,070 --> 00:00:06,889 how an antigen and antibody interact. 3 00:00:06,889 --> 00:00:09,998 Well, first off, what is an antigen? 4 00:00:09,998 --> 00:00:13,748 An antigen is a marker on the cell's surface. 5 00:00:14,772 --> 00:00:17,919 An antibody, is going to be a particle 6 00:00:17,919 --> 00:00:21,586 that is meant to recognize foreign antigens. 7 00:00:23,893 --> 00:00:27,083 So we have, what are called A and B antigens. 8 00:00:27,083 --> 00:00:29,890 These are for our red blood cells. 9 00:00:29,890 --> 00:00:33,144 When you're blood typing, you ignore the platelets. 10 00:00:33,144 --> 00:00:35,561 Ignore the white blood cells. 11 00:00:35,561 --> 00:00:37,493 The only thing that counts for blood typing 12 00:00:37,493 --> 00:00:38,993 is red blood cell. 13 00:00:40,048 --> 00:00:42,710 So it can either have, an A antigen, 14 00:00:42,710 --> 00:00:44,871 or you could have a B antigen, 15 00:00:44,871 --> 00:00:48,438 or it could have an A and B antigens, 16 00:00:48,438 --> 00:00:52,578 or it could have none on the surface of our blood cell. 17 00:00:52,578 --> 00:00:54,748 It's this combination 18 00:00:54,748 --> 00:00:57,998 that creates our different blood types. 19 00:00:59,247 --> 00:01:01,511 Antibodies, well I already said, 20 00:01:01,511 --> 00:01:04,064 these are going to be different particles. 21 00:01:04,064 --> 00:01:05,751 Basically proteins. 22 00:01:05,751 --> 00:01:09,168 They're meant to detect foreign antigens. 23 00:01:11,699 --> 00:01:15,866 And as A and B antigen mix what is called the ABO system. 24 00:01:17,176 --> 00:01:19,224 Now, that is the most commonly used system 25 00:01:19,224 --> 00:01:23,476 you hear about currently in today's society, ABO. 26 00:01:23,476 --> 00:01:25,685 But it's not the only type. 27 00:01:25,685 --> 00:01:28,422 There are dozens of other types 28 00:01:28,422 --> 00:01:31,159 of blood typing systems out there. 29 00:01:31,159 --> 00:01:35,120 We're only going to deal with the ABO system. 30 00:01:35,120 --> 00:01:37,562 So what is the ABO system? 31 00:01:37,562 --> 00:01:40,997 Probably A positive, or A negative. B positive, B negative, 32 00:01:40,997 --> 00:01:45,164 O positive, O negative, or AB positive and AB negative. 33 00:01:47,336 --> 00:01:49,952 But to get those positives and negatives, 34 00:01:49,952 --> 00:01:54,119 you must combine the ABO system with the Rh system. 35 00:01:55,880 --> 00:01:59,762 Because the Rh antigen is what gives the plus 36 00:01:59,762 --> 00:02:01,679 or minus to blood type. 37 00:02:03,771 --> 00:02:06,189 Let's start here, we have one cell 38 00:02:06,189 --> 00:02:07,839 that is showing type A blood. 39 00:02:07,839 --> 00:02:12,006 One showing type B, one showing type AB, one showing type O. 40 00:02:15,008 --> 00:02:16,787 Well they put these little spiky things on. 41 00:02:16,787 --> 00:02:19,787 I'm gonna call those the A antigens. 42 00:02:21,608 --> 00:02:23,764 So those little triangles are going 43 00:02:23,764 --> 00:02:25,694 to be the cell surface markers 44 00:02:25,694 --> 00:02:28,777 that identify this as a type A blood. 45 00:02:30,211 --> 00:02:33,483 Well, think about those look like they've filled A in. 46 00:02:33,483 --> 00:02:38,230 In reality, no the antigens do not look like triangles. 47 00:02:38,230 --> 00:02:40,872 But, I can't quite show you a three-dimensional view 48 00:02:40,872 --> 00:02:43,427 of this chemical coming out of your screen so 49 00:02:43,427 --> 00:02:44,845 we're compromising. 50 00:02:44,845 --> 00:02:47,716 Triangles and half circles. 51 00:02:47,716 --> 00:02:51,975 The B antigen is going to be a half circle. 52 00:02:51,975 --> 00:02:56,016 This A blood better have this A antigen. 53 00:02:56,016 --> 00:03:00,510 And the B blood, better have this B antigen. 54 00:03:00,510 --> 00:03:03,982 What do you think AB blood is going to have? 55 00:03:03,982 --> 00:03:05,832 Well, if you are thinking it will have A 56 00:03:05,832 --> 00:03:07,499 and B, you're right. 57 00:03:08,713 --> 00:03:09,630 But type O? 58 00:03:10,795 --> 00:03:13,795 Type O will not have any AB antigen. 59 00:03:16,925 --> 00:03:20,983 So we have, A and A antigens, B and B antigens. 60 00:03:20,983 --> 00:03:23,066 AB with A and B antigens. 61 00:03:24,473 --> 00:03:27,806 Then no AB antigens on the surface of O. 62 00:03:29,861 --> 00:03:34,568 Does that mean there are not any antigens on O? 63 00:03:34,568 --> 00:03:38,735 No, there are still antigens just not the A or the B. 64 00:03:39,899 --> 00:03:41,998 So how about this, add up that little kind 65 00:03:41,998 --> 00:03:44,839 of wide-shaped antibody now. 66 00:03:44,839 --> 00:03:48,807 Looks like it fits pretty well on top of the A antigen. 67 00:03:48,807 --> 00:03:50,557 Is that a good thing? 68 00:03:51,789 --> 00:03:55,282 Remember, antibodies are meant to recognize 69 00:03:55,282 --> 00:03:58,994 and whatever they recognize, they destroy. 70 00:03:58,994 --> 00:04:02,100 See, probably don't want to have the A antibody 71 00:04:02,100 --> 00:04:04,340 with the A antigen. 72 00:04:04,340 --> 00:04:06,590 It markets for destruction. 73 00:04:08,797 --> 00:04:12,214 B antibody with B antigen, nah, bad idea. 74 00:04:13,825 --> 00:04:15,176 What ends up happening is, 75 00:04:15,176 --> 00:04:18,676 you get the B antibody with the A antigen. 76 00:04:20,730 --> 00:04:24,897 The B antibody can't recognize it so therefore it's safe. 77 00:04:26,299 --> 00:04:29,673 The A antibody goes with the B antigen. 78 00:04:29,673 --> 00:04:32,756 Again, cannot recognize so it's safe. 79 00:04:35,883 --> 00:04:38,383 O, got everything, AB nothing. 80 00:04:39,319 --> 00:04:41,757 Does that make sense? 81 00:04:41,757 --> 00:04:43,321 Yeah, think about it. 82 00:04:43,321 --> 00:04:46,488 If you have A and you have B antigens, 83 00:04:48,792 --> 00:04:52,211 could either the A or the B actually live there 84 00:04:52,211 --> 00:04:55,711 and not attack it's own cell, no it can't. 85 00:04:56,624 --> 00:04:58,791 There is no AB antibodies. 86 00:05:00,588 --> 00:05:02,497 But on type O blood, 87 00:05:02,497 --> 00:05:05,497 you have the A and the B antibodies. 88 00:05:07,130 --> 00:05:11,130 The reason you have both is there's no antigens. 89 00:05:13,059 --> 00:05:14,596 What we've done here, is that the whole 90 00:05:14,596 --> 00:05:16,965 ABO blood typing system? 91 00:05:16,965 --> 00:05:20,766 Nah, we have to get in plus and minuses. 92 00:05:20,766 --> 00:05:23,714 So let's make AB positive. 93 00:05:23,714 --> 00:05:28,703 If you know it, just add in those two black rectangles. 94 00:05:28,703 --> 00:05:32,870 The rectangles are gonna be the antigen for the Rh factor. 95 00:05:36,170 --> 00:05:40,003 So the Rh factor now gives a positive or plus. 96 00:05:42,034 --> 00:05:44,809 What about the other three? 97 00:05:44,809 --> 00:05:46,924 Well, for simplicity purposes, 98 00:05:46,924 --> 00:05:49,848 we could make them all negative. 99 00:05:49,848 --> 00:05:51,975 If they're negative, that means that 100 00:05:51,975 --> 00:05:54,642 they do not have the Rh antigen. 101 00:05:56,325 --> 00:06:00,492 They do not have that square or rectangular block. 102 00:06:03,671 --> 00:06:06,332 This is just a different way of looking at the 103 00:06:06,332 --> 00:06:09,460 A antigen with the B antibodies. 104 00:06:09,460 --> 00:06:12,474 Or the B antigens with the A antibodies. 105 00:06:12,474 --> 00:06:13,771 Trying to show how they relate, 106 00:06:13,771 --> 00:06:16,511 how they compare to each other. 107 00:06:16,511 --> 00:06:18,924 In the bottom figure, you can notice 108 00:06:18,924 --> 00:06:21,315 those are real blood samples. 109 00:06:21,315 --> 00:06:24,315 Type A, type B, type AB, and type O. 110 00:06:25,247 --> 00:06:28,997 Well, the anti A antibodies, the type A blood 111 00:06:30,945 --> 00:06:34,347 is gonna agglutinate or clump together. 112 00:06:34,347 --> 00:06:38,500 That's because the A antibodies recognize 113 00:06:38,500 --> 00:06:40,000 the type A antigen 114 00:06:42,761 --> 00:06:46,928 but did the B antibodies do anything under type A? 115 00:06:48,413 --> 00:06:51,330 No, they had nothing to react with. 116 00:06:52,305 --> 00:06:54,818 So this the inverse with type B. 117 00:06:54,818 --> 00:06:57,266 The anti A was fine because it interact 118 00:06:57,266 --> 00:07:00,750 with the cells, the body, no problem. 119 00:07:00,750 --> 00:07:03,340 But the anti B was an issue. 120 00:07:03,340 --> 00:07:07,507 Because the anti B now, did agglutinate, or clump up. 121 00:07:09,574 --> 00:07:13,074 Type AB, well if you have type A antibody, 122 00:07:14,346 --> 00:07:17,117 you have type B antibody. 123 00:07:17,117 --> 00:07:20,586 Well they're both there, 'cause they both have antigens. 124 00:07:20,586 --> 00:07:24,780 So put type AB blood and mix it with anti A, 125 00:07:24,780 --> 00:07:28,254 anti B antibodies, it's gonna react. 126 00:07:28,254 --> 00:07:29,171 Both times. 127 00:07:31,833 --> 00:07:35,825 While the type O blood does not react. 128 00:07:35,825 --> 00:07:40,048 Because remember type O does not have the A 129 00:07:40,048 --> 00:07:41,465 or the B antigen. 130 00:07:43,059 --> 00:07:47,226 That means it cannot react with what it does not have. 138 00:08:10,039 --> 00:08:12,429 Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, 139 00:08:12,429 --> 00:08:15,649 this is only possible if the mother is Rh negative. 140 00:08:15,649 --> 00:08:20,012 So, A negative, B negative, AB negative, O negative. 141 00:08:20,012 --> 00:08:24,288 And the father is going to be Rh positive. 142 00:08:24,288 --> 00:08:27,789 Now the father being Rh positive, could be A positive, 143 00:08:27,789 --> 00:08:30,789 B positive, O positive, AB positive. 144 00:08:33,490 --> 00:08:37,836 Now so only the problem, if the developing infant 145 00:08:37,836 --> 00:08:42,443 ends up being the Rh positive, like the father. 146 00:08:42,443 --> 00:08:44,476 'Cause, during this developing infant, 147 00:08:44,476 --> 00:08:46,149 as long as it's the first one, 148 00:08:46,149 --> 00:08:50,850 during this infant's development the antibodies 149 00:08:50,850 --> 00:08:55,098 really shouldn't mix with the mother and the fetal. 150 00:08:55,098 --> 00:08:58,723 The fetal red blood cells stay on one side of the placenta, 151 00:08:58,723 --> 00:09:02,482 paternal blood cells stay on the other side of the placenta. 152 00:09:02,482 --> 00:09:04,788 So usually, there's not really much mixture here. 153 00:09:04,788 --> 00:09:06,621 Which is a good thing. 154 00:09:08,322 --> 00:09:11,655 But now once childbirth occurs, usually, 155 00:09:14,019 --> 00:09:16,713 a little bit of that infant's blood is going to mix 156 00:09:16,713 --> 00:09:18,575 with Mom's blood. 157 00:09:18,575 --> 00:09:20,906 Whether it be from a tear in the placenta, 158 00:09:20,906 --> 00:09:23,368 a tear in the uterine or vaginal wall, 159 00:09:23,368 --> 00:09:26,600 something is going to cause blood to mix. 160 00:09:26,600 --> 00:09:28,636 Well, once that blood mixes, 161 00:09:28,636 --> 00:09:32,803 that means it's Rh positive, mixing into Rh negative. 162 00:09:35,632 --> 00:09:39,049 What ends up happening is, the foreign Rh 163 00:09:40,145 --> 00:09:44,145 is gonna end up causing an Rh antibody reaction. 164 00:09:47,034 --> 00:09:50,834 These Rh antibodies aren't gonna hurt the Mom 165 00:09:50,834 --> 00:09:52,829 'cause she's already negative. 166 00:09:52,829 --> 00:09:57,636 What it will do is the antibodies will remove any positive. 167 00:09:57,636 --> 00:10:00,354 So all of a sudden maybe, some other different blood type 168 00:10:00,354 --> 00:10:03,671 that was a positive Rh, from the Dad for instance, 169 00:10:03,671 --> 00:10:06,252 that would be removed. 170 00:10:06,252 --> 00:10:09,693 No big deal for the Mom, she can function normally. 171 00:10:09,693 --> 00:10:13,791 The problem is, if that Mom is still Rh negative, 172 00:10:13,791 --> 00:10:16,404 which more often than not, will be, 173 00:10:16,404 --> 00:10:19,237 and a second infant, is developed, 174 00:10:20,417 --> 00:10:23,840 and this infant is also Rh positive. 175 00:10:23,840 --> 00:10:28,629 Well now it happens, those special anti Rh antibodies 176 00:10:28,629 --> 00:10:31,879 can actually cross through the placenta 177 00:10:32,785 --> 00:10:36,202 and get right into the fetal circulation. 178 00:10:37,476 --> 00:10:42,167 Well in fetal circulation you have Rh antibodies, 179 00:10:42,167 --> 00:10:46,334 that can recognize and destroy other parts of the system. 180 00:10:48,765 --> 00:10:50,651 Well, you gotta be careful here 181 00:10:50,651 --> 00:10:53,179 because that could actually cause the entire child 182 00:10:53,179 --> 00:10:56,277 to end up being destroyed from the inside out. 183 00:10:56,277 --> 00:10:58,228 Not a pleasant idea. 184 00:10:58,228 --> 00:11:01,489 Thankfully the simple shot called rhogam can be given 185 00:11:01,489 --> 00:11:05,656 during pregnancy to help block the Rh positive blood cells 186 00:11:06,548 --> 00:11:11,087 from triggering this reaction to make the antibodies. 187 00:11:11,087 --> 00:11:14,884 Anemia really isn't one individual disorder, 188 00:11:14,884 --> 00:11:18,030 it's a family or grouping of disorders. 189 00:11:18,030 --> 00:11:22,899 All the different types of anemia carry one common feature. 190 00:11:22,899 --> 00:11:27,066 They all have a reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity. 191 00:11:28,140 --> 00:11:31,849 Now this reduction in oxygen-carrying capacity 192 00:11:31,849 --> 00:11:34,845 could be because there's not enough red blood cells. 193 00:11:34,845 --> 00:11:37,022 There might not be enough hemoglobin. 194 00:11:37,022 --> 00:11:40,448 Something might be formed the wrong way. 195 00:11:40,448 --> 00:11:43,885 So one type is iron-deficiency anemia. 196 00:11:43,885 --> 00:11:45,768 Iron, who cares about iron? 197 00:11:45,768 --> 00:11:49,685 Remember, iron was in the hemoglobin molecules. 198 00:11:51,571 --> 00:11:54,872 It was for our molecules per hemoglobin 199 00:11:54,872 --> 00:11:57,122 that's where the gas bound. 200 00:11:57,990 --> 00:11:59,723 So there's not enough iron 201 00:11:59,723 --> 00:12:03,306 simply can't have enough binding of oxygen. 202 00:12:04,180 --> 00:12:08,243 Hemorrhagic anemia caused by massive blood loss. 203 00:12:08,243 --> 00:12:09,650 A hemorrhage, a massive cut 204 00:12:09,650 --> 00:12:11,687 and also the blood just pouring out. 205 00:12:11,687 --> 00:12:13,715 I have this massive blood loss, 206 00:12:13,715 --> 00:12:17,321 you can not keep enough oxygen in the system. 207 00:12:17,321 --> 00:12:21,780 Pernicious anemia, it's a vitamin B-12 deficiency. 208 00:12:21,780 --> 00:12:23,621 So not enough vitamin B-12, 209 00:12:23,621 --> 00:12:27,066 you cannot make enough red blood cells. 210 00:12:27,066 --> 00:12:31,233 And hemolytic anemia, in this case, the red blood cells 211 00:12:32,350 --> 00:12:35,852 are being damaged and killed off too quickly. 212 00:12:35,852 --> 00:12:39,555 So it's destruction of the red blood cells. 213 00:12:39,555 --> 00:12:42,587 Leukemia, it's a form of cancer unfortunately. 214 00:12:42,587 --> 00:12:45,590 It's a form of cancer of the white blood cells. 215 00:12:45,590 --> 00:12:49,290 The white blood cells are going to be very numerous, 216 00:12:49,290 --> 00:12:53,089 just the problem is, they're not all functional. 217 00:12:53,089 --> 00:12:54,972 So you have tons and tons and tons 218 00:12:54,972 --> 00:12:57,989 of immature white blood cells. 219 00:12:57,989 --> 00:12:59,906 Means they can't fight. 220 00:13:00,748 --> 00:13:01,915 Mononucleosis. 221 00:13:02,870 --> 00:13:06,309 This is actually a virus called the Epstein-Barr virus. 222 00:13:06,309 --> 00:13:09,353 It's the infection of your lymphocytes. 223 00:13:09,353 --> 00:13:12,889 Well, mononucleosis can be very problem-some 224 00:13:12,889 --> 00:13:17,477 because it caused the person to be very weak, very fatigued. 225 00:13:17,477 --> 00:13:20,199 And recovery can be quick or it can drag on 226 00:13:20,199 --> 00:13:22,909 sometimes for a couple of months. 227 00:13:22,909 --> 00:13:25,036 So, mononucleosis. 228 00:13:25,036 --> 00:13:27,418 Septicemia or blood poisoning. 229 00:13:27,418 --> 00:13:29,727 The bacteria is growing in your blood. 230 00:13:29,727 --> 00:13:33,362 'Cause your blood is warm, dark, nutrient-rich, 231 00:13:33,362 --> 00:13:34,986 so the bacteria just proliferate, 232 00:13:34,986 --> 00:13:36,537 they grow like crazy in here 233 00:13:36,537 --> 00:13:39,762 overwhelming your body's defenses. 234 00:13:39,762 --> 00:13:44,206 And then thrombocytopenia, the platelet number is down. 235 00:13:44,206 --> 00:13:46,199 If you don't have enough platelets, 236 00:13:46,199 --> 00:13:49,642 you have unusual bleeding, unusual bruising. 237 00:13:49,642 --> 00:13:51,892 Because your body cannot clot, 238 00:13:51,892 --> 00:13:54,754 cannot cause the standard reaction. 239 00:13:54,754 --> 00:13:58,921 So thrombocytopenia, reduction in number of platelets.