1 00:00:00,568 --> 00:00:02,703 - [Voiceover] Now looking at the gonads, 2 00:00:02,703 --> 00:00:04,668 we'll start with the testes, so starting 3 00:00:04,668 --> 00:00:07,151 on the male side of things. 4 00:00:07,151 --> 00:00:09,487 The functions of testosterone and several 5 00:00:09,487 --> 00:00:13,154 other androgens actually start before birth. 6 00:00:14,300 --> 00:00:17,287 Before birth, so in utero, they're responsible 7 00:00:17,287 --> 00:00:21,799 for development of the external male genitalia. 8 00:00:21,799 --> 00:00:23,911 So we're talking about the penis, the scrotum, 9 00:00:23,911 --> 00:00:25,744 the testes themselves. 10 00:00:26,888 --> 00:00:30,760 But after birth and once he's at puberty, 11 00:00:30,760 --> 00:00:33,370 really in the stages of puberal is helping 12 00:00:33,370 --> 00:00:37,800 to develop the normal functionality of sperm, 13 00:00:37,800 --> 00:00:41,461 It's helping to develop the male sex drive. 14 00:00:41,461 --> 00:00:43,333 It's helping make sure the male reproductive 15 00:00:43,333 --> 00:00:46,000 organs are functioning properly. 16 00:00:46,939 --> 00:00:51,051 But it also regulates all the secondary sexual 17 00:00:51,051 --> 00:00:54,634 characteristics that are typical of a male. 18 00:00:55,539 --> 00:00:57,672 So there's quite a few different functions 19 00:00:57,672 --> 00:01:01,839 for testosterone and this handful of other androgens. 20 00:01:04,560 --> 00:01:08,172 Now small amounts of androgens are produced by 21 00:01:08,172 --> 00:01:12,565 the adrenal glands, which is kind of interesting 22 00:01:12,565 --> 00:01:16,742 because that means the adrenal glands are actually 23 00:01:16,742 --> 00:01:20,419 producing some of the sex hormones. 24 00:01:20,419 --> 00:01:23,919 As adrenal glands in both male and female, 25 00:01:25,070 --> 00:01:27,105 not a lot but still just a little bit's being 26 00:01:27,105 --> 00:01:30,772 produced of these androgens in both genders. 27 00:01:33,484 --> 00:01:37,133 On the female side of things, look at the ovaries 28 00:01:37,133 --> 00:01:41,607 and how they produce estrogen and progesterone. 29 00:01:41,607 --> 00:01:45,493 The first hormone, estrogen, is really initiating 30 00:01:45,493 --> 00:01:50,010 development of the secondary sexual characteristics. 31 00:01:50,010 --> 00:01:53,648 So whatever is typical of a secondary female 32 00:01:53,648 --> 00:01:56,520 sexual characteristics, so they get all 33 00:01:56,520 --> 00:01:58,896 of the development of the mammary tissue, 34 00:01:58,896 --> 00:02:02,425 the breasts, the kind of settling 35 00:02:02,425 --> 00:02:05,092 of fat deposits around the body. 36 00:02:06,645 --> 00:02:10,478 It also helps to regulate the menstrual cycle. 37 00:02:11,512 --> 00:02:14,365 Progesterone, on the other hand, also helps 38 00:02:14,365 --> 00:02:17,678 to regulate the menstrual cycle. 39 00:02:17,678 --> 00:02:20,746 So both hormones have their specific roles 40 00:02:20,746 --> 00:02:24,913 in controlling and regulating the menstrual cycle. 41 00:02:27,014 --> 00:02:30,192 But we have to talk about a couple of other disorders. 42 00:02:30,192 --> 00:02:32,945 Now I've already mentioned diabetes insipidus 43 00:02:32,945 --> 00:02:36,112 before, now this is diabetes mellitus. 44 00:02:37,586 --> 00:02:41,071 In diabetes mellitus, there's actually two types, 45 00:02:41,071 --> 00:02:42,571 type 1 and type 2. 46 00:02:43,955 --> 00:02:48,122 Type 1 is going to be the insulin-dependent diabetes. 47 00:02:49,473 --> 00:02:53,759 That's only about 5-10% of all cases. 48 00:02:53,759 --> 00:02:57,419 The individual has an inadequate production 49 00:02:57,419 --> 00:03:00,930 of insulin, so the way it's treated 50 00:03:00,930 --> 00:03:03,430 is to give insulin injections. 51 00:03:06,410 --> 00:03:10,742 While type 2, that's the non-insulin-dependent. 52 00:03:10,742 --> 00:03:13,994 It's about 90-95% of all the cases 53 00:03:13,994 --> 00:03:15,744 of diabetes mellitus. 54 00:03:16,997 --> 00:03:20,502 What happens is the individual is insulin 55 00:03:20,502 --> 00:03:23,940 resistant; the insulin's there, 56 00:03:23,940 --> 00:03:27,023 it's just not quite working properly. 57 00:03:29,276 --> 00:03:31,554 The thyroid gland has a problem. 58 00:03:31,554 --> 00:03:33,721 Looking at hypothyroidism. 59 00:03:34,700 --> 00:03:39,435 Well "hypo" means not enough, so hypothyroidism 60 00:03:39,435 --> 00:03:42,714 means the thyroid gland is underactive. 61 00:03:42,714 --> 00:03:45,631 It's not producing enough hormones. 62 00:03:47,663 --> 00:03:50,939 So in children if they have hypothyroidism, 63 00:03:50,939 --> 00:03:53,856 that can be the disorder cretinism. 64 00:03:54,972 --> 00:03:59,325 In the disorder cretinism, the entire body slows 65 00:03:59,325 --> 00:04:02,658 in growth, brain development is altered, 66 00:04:05,080 --> 00:04:08,247 puberty can have a long delayed onset. 67 00:04:11,692 --> 00:04:12,775 So cretinism. 68 00:04:14,140 --> 00:04:17,890 If an adult goes into a hypothyroidism state, 69 00:04:19,129 --> 00:04:21,651 then that can result in edema. 70 00:04:21,651 --> 00:04:24,213 Edema is the swelling or collection 71 00:04:24,213 --> 00:04:26,388 of fluid in the body. 72 00:04:26,388 --> 00:04:29,363 They can look lethargic, just slowing down, 73 00:04:29,363 --> 00:04:30,530 relaxing more. 74 00:04:31,409 --> 00:04:33,159 Weight gain, low BMR. 75 00:04:34,895 --> 00:04:37,228 BMR is basal metabolic rate. 76 00:04:39,624 --> 00:04:42,331 If you have a low basal metabolic rate that means 77 00:04:42,331 --> 00:04:45,664 the body itself isn't doing a whole lot. 78 00:04:48,703 --> 00:04:52,802 On the flip side, hyperthyroidism means you 79 00:04:52,802 --> 00:04:56,392 have an overactive thyroid, you have too much. 80 00:04:56,392 --> 00:05:00,750 This will increase your BMR or basal metabolic rate. 81 00:05:00,750 --> 00:05:04,544 It'll cause hyperactivity and nervousness, agitation, 82 00:05:04,544 --> 00:05:07,333 weight loss, the person will be very fidgety, 83 00:05:07,333 --> 00:05:08,833 hard to sit still. 84 00:05:10,162 --> 00:05:14,329 One example of hyperthyroidism is Grave's disease. 85 00:05:15,654 --> 00:05:19,564 Now this is the autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism, 86 00:05:19,564 --> 00:05:22,511 so it's not a true, exact type but is 87 00:05:22,511 --> 00:05:25,742 autoimmune-based hyperthyroidism. 88 00:05:25,742 --> 00:05:28,735 Autoimmune is when your own body attacks 89 00:05:28,735 --> 00:05:30,402 your own body cells. 90 00:05:31,887 --> 00:05:36,054 So hypothyroidism, not enough; hyperthyroidism, too much.