- [Voiceover] Now looking at the gonads,
we'll start with the testes, so starting
on the male side of things.
The functions of testosterone and several
other androgens actually start before birth.
Before birth, so in utero, they're responsible
for development of the external male genitalia.
So we're talking about the penis, the scrotum,
the testes themselves.
But after birth and once he's at puberty,
really in the stages of puberal is helping
to develop the normal functionality of sperm,
It's helping to develop the male sex drive.
It's helping make sure the male reproductive
organs are functioning properly.
But it also regulates all the secondary sexual
characteristics that are typical of a male.
So there's quite a few different functions
for testosterone and this handful of other androgens.
Now small amounts of androgens are produced by
the adrenal glands, which is kind of interesting
because that means the adrenal glands are actually
producing some of the sex hormones.
As adrenal glands in both male and female,
not a lot but still just a little bit's being
produced of these androgens in both genders.
On the female side of things, look at the ovaries
and how they produce estrogen and progesterone.
The first hormone, estrogen, is really initiating
development of the secondary sexual characteristics.
So whatever is typical of a secondary female
sexual characteristics, so they get all
of the development of the mammary tissue,
the breasts, the kind of settling
of fat deposits around the body.
It also helps to regulate the menstrual cycle.
Progesterone, on the other hand, also helps
to regulate the menstrual cycle.
So both hormones have their specific roles
in controlling and regulating the menstrual cycle.
But we have to talk about a couple of other disorders.
Now I've already mentioned diabetes insipidus
before, now this is diabetes mellitus.
In diabetes mellitus, there's actually two types,
type 1 and type 2.
Type 1 is going to be the insulin-dependent diabetes.
That's only about 5-10% of all cases.
The individual has an inadequate production
of insulin, so the way it's treated
is to give insulin injections.
While type 2, that's the non-insulin-dependent.
It's about 90-95% of all the cases
of diabetes mellitus.
What happens is the individual is insulin
resistant; the insulin's there,
it's just not quite working properly.
The thyroid gland has a problem.
Looking at hypothyroidism.
Well "hypo" means not enough, so hypothyroidism
means the thyroid gland is underactive.
It's not producing enough hormones.
So in children if they have hypothyroidism,
that can be the disorder cretinism.
In the disorder cretinism, the entire body slows
in growth, brain development is altered,
puberty can have a long delayed onset.
So cretinism.
If an adult goes into a hypothyroidism state,
then that can result in edema.
Edema is the swelling or collection
of fluid in the body.
They can look lethargic, just slowing down,
relaxing more.
Weight gain, low BMR.
BMR is basal metabolic rate.
If you have a low basal metabolic rate that means
the body itself isn't doing a whole lot.
On the flip side, hyperthyroidism means you
have an overactive thyroid, you have too much.
This will increase your BMR or basal metabolic rate.
It'll cause hyperactivity and nervousness, agitation,
weight loss, the person will be very fidgety,
hard to sit still.
One example of hyperthyroidism is Grave's disease.
Now this is the autoimmune form of hyperthyroidism,
so it's not a true, exact type but is
autoimmune-based hyperthyroidism.
Autoimmune is when your own body attacks
your own body cells.
So hypothyroidism, not enough; hyperthyroidism, too much.