1
00:00:01,071 --> 00:00:03,079
- [Voiceover] The pancreas is interesting,

2
00:00:03,079 --> 00:00:04,653
because the pancreas is actually part

3
00:00:04,653 --> 00:00:07,236
of two different organ systems.

4
00:00:09,007 --> 00:00:12,174
It's part exocrine and part endocrine.

5
00:00:13,111 --> 00:00:15,775
The exocrine function of the pancreas

6
00:00:15,775 --> 00:00:19,159
is going to help with
the digestive system.

7
00:00:19,159 --> 00:00:21,551
While the endocrine
function well obviously

8
00:00:21,551 --> 00:00:23,884
that's the endocrine system.

9
00:00:24,790 --> 00:00:27,484
The pancreatic hormones,
which is glucagon,

10
00:00:27,484 --> 00:00:29,234
insulin, somotastain;

11
00:00:30,566 --> 00:00:33,647
they're going to help to keep
your blood glucose levels

12
00:00:33,647 --> 00:00:35,147
in proper balance.

13
00:00:36,735 --> 00:00:39,406
What you're going to
find into the pancreas

14
00:00:39,406 --> 00:00:41,630
are these little islets.

15
00:00:41,630 --> 00:00:44,734
Inside these islets or
inside these little spaces

16
00:00:44,734 --> 00:00:47,151
are the alpha and beta cells.

17
00:00:48,240 --> 00:00:51,046
Alpha secretes the hormone glucagon.

18
00:00:51,046 --> 00:00:54,366
Beta secretes the hormone insulin.

19
00:00:54,366 --> 00:00:56,724
Well insulin, you might
have heard of that one,

20
00:00:56,724 --> 00:00:59,807
is meant to lower blood sugar levels.

21
00:01:01,333 --> 00:01:05,166
Glucagon is meant to
raise blood sugar levels.

22
00:01:07,211 --> 00:01:10,209
That means they're meant
to do the opposite thing.

23
00:01:10,209 --> 00:01:13,166
Glucagon, the hormone
produced by the pancreas,

24
00:01:13,166 --> 00:01:16,670
is meant to raise your blood sugar.

25
00:01:16,670 --> 00:01:18,908
The way it raises blood sugar

26
00:01:18,908 --> 00:01:22,686
is by taking glycogen,
a stored type of sugar

27
00:01:22,686 --> 00:01:25,054
which is found in your liver,

28
00:01:25,054 --> 00:01:27,739
and converting it into glucose.

29
00:01:27,739 --> 00:01:30,239
Now glucose is a simple sugar.

30
00:01:31,564 --> 00:01:35,731
So the hormone glucagon
can raise your blood sugar.

31
00:01:36,828 --> 00:01:41,525
Insulin though is meant
to lower your blood sugar.

32
00:01:41,525 --> 00:01:43,509
Instead of trying to increase amount

33
00:01:43,509 --> 00:01:47,900
it's dropping amounts
of sugar in your blood.

34
00:01:47,900 --> 00:01:52,642
It causes various cells
to help absorb the sugar,

35
00:01:52,642 --> 00:01:55,475
to take up the sugar and store it.

36
00:01:56,652 --> 00:01:58,652
So glucagon and insulin.

37
00:02:01,170 --> 00:02:03,572
This graph is trying to
show the relationship

38
00:02:03,572 --> 00:02:07,739
of meals to glucagon and insulin
and blood glucose levels.

39
00:02:11,154 --> 00:02:14,980
So along the bottom you're
going to see the time and hours.

40
00:02:14,980 --> 00:02:18,370
Zero time is when the
meal pretty much was.

41
00:02:18,370 --> 00:02:20,052
After you eat a meal,

42
00:02:20,052 --> 00:02:24,156
'kay notice how your
blood sugar levels go up.

43
00:02:24,156 --> 00:02:26,706
Where your blood sugar levels go up,

44
00:02:26,706 --> 00:02:29,289
the pancreas is making insulin.

45
00:02:30,376 --> 00:02:34,543
But if it's making insulin
is going to inhibit glucagon.

46
00:02:35,946 --> 00:02:40,410
You really only want one of
these two hormones at a time.

47
00:02:40,410 --> 00:02:44,298
So this increase in
insulin caused the liver

48
00:02:44,298 --> 00:02:46,865
to help take up glucose.

49
00:02:46,865 --> 00:02:50,128
The muscle cells try to use more glucose.

50
00:02:50,128 --> 00:02:53,826
Adipose are going to use more glucose.

51
00:02:53,826 --> 00:02:56,641
The idea is you're
dropping, dropping, dropping

52
00:02:56,641 --> 00:02:58,058
your blood sugar.

53
00:02:59,282 --> 00:03:02,138
Also notice it goes a little bit too low.

54
00:03:02,138 --> 00:03:06,305
Well that low blood glucose
would then inhibit insulin.

55
00:03:07,354 --> 00:03:10,770
So hey hold on, stop
insulin you went to far.

56
00:03:10,770 --> 00:03:12,853
It'll stimulate glucagon,

57
00:03:13,812 --> 00:03:18,120
which then helps convert
some stored carbohydrates,

58
00:03:18,120 --> 00:03:21,953
glycogen, and converts
them back into glucose.

59
00:03:23,553 --> 00:03:27,418
Now we kind of start to level off again.

60
00:03:27,418 --> 00:03:30,749
The whole process is a
constant give and take.

61
00:03:30,749 --> 00:03:34,562
It never completely perfectly flatlines.

62
00:03:34,562 --> 00:03:38,729
It's always a little bit of
a wave going up and down.

63
00:03:39,626 --> 00:03:42,744
Our next gland is the adrenal gland.

64
00:03:42,744 --> 00:03:45,943
You're going to have a
cortex and a medulla here.

65
00:03:45,943 --> 00:03:48,805
The adrenal cortex is the outside.

66
00:03:48,805 --> 00:03:51,305
Adrenal medulla is the inside.

67
00:03:53,093 --> 00:03:55,475
If we start with the cortex,

68
00:03:55,475 --> 00:03:59,565
they have this grouping
called the glucocorticoids.

69
00:03:59,565 --> 00:04:01,597
Now coritsol is just one example,

70
00:04:01,597 --> 00:04:05,764
but there's many different
hormones in the glucocorticoids.

71
00:04:07,451 --> 00:04:10,821
These glucocorticoids,
they're helping maintin

72
00:04:10,821 --> 00:04:14,988
blood glucose levels during
long periods without food.

73
00:04:15,868 --> 00:04:18,861
Most of these secretions are controlled

74
00:04:18,861 --> 00:04:22,778
from the hypothalamus-pituitary
control center.

75
00:04:24,651 --> 00:04:26,851
We have mineralcorticoids.

76
00:04:26,851 --> 00:04:30,555
Aldosterone is a main example here.

77
00:04:30,555 --> 00:04:34,084
The mineralcorticoids,
specifically aldosterone,

78
00:04:34,084 --> 00:04:38,251
is going to help with sodium
and water balance in your body.

79
00:04:40,101 --> 00:04:43,291
By balancing sodium and
potassium and water,

80
00:04:43,291 --> 00:04:47,302
it helps make sure that your
body's staying hydrated enough

81
00:04:47,302 --> 00:04:50,552
and keeping everything in proper level.

82
00:04:53,469 --> 00:04:54,802
Adrenal medulla.

83
00:04:55,663 --> 00:04:57,678
Now the adrenal medulla is referred to

84
00:04:57,678 --> 00:04:59,845
as a neuroendocrine gland.

85
00:05:01,399 --> 00:05:04,000
The reason it's neuroendocrine

86
00:05:04,000 --> 00:05:07,186
is because it will produce hormones,

87
00:05:07,186 --> 00:05:10,292
but it's made up of nervous tissue.

88
00:05:10,292 --> 00:05:14,209
Neuroendocrine, nervous
and endocrine together.

89
00:05:16,294 --> 00:05:19,991
So the adrenal medulla
will actually triggered

90
00:05:19,991 --> 00:05:23,306
by the sympathetic nervous system.

91
00:05:23,306 --> 00:05:25,461
It's part of your nervous system

92
00:05:25,461 --> 00:05:28,367
that helps control a lot of the

93
00:05:28,367 --> 00:05:30,950
basic functionalities you have.

94
00:05:33,234 --> 00:05:37,787
The hormones, epinephrine
and norepinephrine.

95
00:05:37,787 --> 00:05:39,662
Now this epinephrine and norepinephrine,

96
00:05:39,662 --> 00:05:42,030
specifically the epinephrine,

97
00:05:42,030 --> 00:05:45,697
gives rise to your fight
or flight response.

98
00:05:47,278 --> 00:05:50,227
Well your fight or flight
is your put in a situation

99
00:05:50,227 --> 00:05:53,542
it might be a life threaten situation,

100
00:05:53,542 --> 00:05:56,572
either you fight the
situation to try to survive,

101
00:05:56,572 --> 00:06:00,790
or you run, flight, from
the situation to survive.

102
00:06:00,790 --> 00:06:02,702
So the fight or flight.

103
00:06:02,702 --> 00:06:04,926
So your body pretty much goes on autopilot

104
00:06:04,926 --> 00:06:07,009
and reacts automatically.

105
00:06:10,092 --> 00:06:12,100
Alright we have our threats,

106
00:06:12,100 --> 00:06:14,502
whether they're perceived
or real it doesn't matter.

107
00:06:14,502 --> 00:06:16,814
If your brain thinks it's a threat,

108
00:06:16,814 --> 00:06:20,564
it's going to act as if it was a threat.

109
00:06:20,564 --> 00:06:23,095
It activates the sympathetic nerves,

110
00:06:23,095 --> 00:06:25,812
remember these are the
ones that are involuntary.

111
00:06:25,812 --> 00:06:27,446
The ones that just are controlling

112
00:06:27,446 --> 00:06:30,070
your basic functionalities.

113
00:06:30,070 --> 00:06:34,421
And surviving a threat
is a basic functionality.

114
00:06:34,421 --> 00:06:37,542
Sends the information down
to the adrenal medulla,

115
00:06:37,542 --> 00:06:41,038
the inside of the adrenal gland.

116
00:06:41,038 --> 00:06:45,044
The norepinephrine,
epinephrine are secreted.

117
00:06:45,044 --> 00:06:47,157
They're secreted into the blood,

118
00:06:47,157 --> 00:06:50,355
which travels to every cell in the body;

119
00:06:50,355 --> 00:06:53,188
whichever ones are being targeted,

120
00:06:53,188 --> 00:06:56,094
things like your eyes for eyesight;

121
00:06:56,094 --> 00:06:59,230
your lungs for more respiration;

122
00:06:59,230 --> 00:07:02,645
your muscles for more movement.

123
00:07:02,645 --> 00:07:04,790
They'll reach those target cells

124
00:07:04,790 --> 00:07:07,694
and cause 'em to kind of become agitated,

125
00:07:07,694 --> 00:07:10,444
become excited and ready to move.