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- [Voiceover] If you look a little more

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into the cerebral cortex,

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it has quite a few different functions.

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Now these are some of the
more general functions,

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and we'll focus more on each
individual lobe in a second.

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But, memory storage,
you can store memories

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for years and decades sometimes.

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Abstract thoughts, the
awareness of consciousness,

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as well as the conscious control
of your skeletal muscles.

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All these higher order
thinking, all these actions,

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are from your cerebral cortex.

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So we start dividing up the lobes.

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There's four major lobes.

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We have the occipital lobe,

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that's located in the back of your brain.

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It deals with visual information.

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Yes, I know they eyes are
on the front of your head,

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but believe it or not,
that information's relayed

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all the way to the back of your brain.

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That's why if you ever got a
bump on the back of your head,

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or got hit in the back of your head,

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you might have seen kind of
these color blurs or stars.

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Because the very back of your
brain is where you process

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your visual information.

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Temporal lobe, over by your
temple side of your head.

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The temporal lobe deals
with auditory information.

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It's the interpretation
of the sounds coming in.

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It also helps deal with the comprehension

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of the spoken and written language.

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Now, it doesn't matter
what language it is,

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whichever language you learned,
or languages you've learned,

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when they're written down,

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or when someone speaks them to you,

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the understanding of
that written language,

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or the spoken word,

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is interpreted through the temporal lobe.

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The parietal lobe.

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Well, the parietal lobes,
they're the ones right on the top

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of your head, pretty much dead center top.

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These are the ones that are
receiving all the sensory input.

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Now I have here receiving and interpreting

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sensory information from the skin.

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Well, it's more than just the skin.

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A lot of the internal workings,

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like your organs and muscles,

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also send sensory information
up the parietal lobe.

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And then frontal lobe.

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So right where your forehead
is, that's your frontal lobe.

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This is the part that will
initiate more activity,

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the one that will actually
cause your muscles to move.

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Well, it has responsible for speech.

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Well, I assumed speech was
up in the temporal lobe,

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spoken, written language.

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That's the comprehension of it.

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The actual action of making
sound or of making speech,

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that's because the muscles
are moving your tongue,

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your lips, your throat, so
all that muscular control

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is from the frontal lobe, as
well as conscious thought.

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The idea of who are you,

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of thinking about what's
happening next in life.

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So all this consciousness,
pretty much who you are,

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is up in the frontal lobe.

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Now, each one of these
lobes, occipital, temporal,

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parietal, frontal, you're
gonna have one of each

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on the left hemisphere,
one of each on the right.

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So even though we're
listing off four lobes here,

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those four lobes are found
on the left hemisphere,

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but those four lobes are
also on the right hemisphere,

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and every one of these lobes,
so both sides, all four types,

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they all deal in memory storage.

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Helping deal with some short term,

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as well as long term memory.

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So look at this picture, this is a brain.

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See posterior, the yellow back there,

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that's towards the back of the head.

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The anterior term is
the front of the head.

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You can kind of notice that the very front

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of the brain's been cut off
so you can see inside of it.

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Well, we have our right and
left cerebral hemispheres,

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and the four different colors,

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that purple, blue, yellow, and green,

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those are indicative of
the four different lobes.

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Then you have that corpus callosum.

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It's the only way, really,

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you're connecting the
right and left hemispheres,

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to allowing for massive
information transfer

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between both halves.

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Cerebral white matter's inside,

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cerebral gray matter's outside.

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So here's the brain intact.

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You can see your frontal lobe.

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Now, I said the frontal lobe
deals with more activity,

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movements, deals with speech,

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'cause that's muscle moving it for speech,

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as well as your conscious thoughts,

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where you're thinking
about what's happening.

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That is your frontal lobe working.

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Here's your parietal lobe,
right on the top of your head.

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This is bringing all the sensory
info back into the brain.

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It's processing the sensory information,

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and figuring out what to do with it,

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how do you interpret.

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Temporal lobe, auditory, so your hearing.

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Helps with language, but
also deals with judgments.

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Now, I have down here perceptual judgment.

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Well, because, when someone
perceives something,

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you might judge this
to be a proper action,

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where someone else judges that
to be an improper actions.

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It's all about perception, how you see it.

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And the occipital lobe
at the back of the brain.

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Visual information's processed here.

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So even though your eyes
are on the very front,

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it carries all that
information to the very back

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in the occipital lobe.

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Now, I know this looks kind
of like a funny cartoon here,

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but let's kind of go through
and understand what it is.

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First off, you notice that the red,

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which you can see that whole red cartoon,

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but also the red line
going across the brain.

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That is the very back
edge of the frontal lobe.

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We know frontal is motor output.

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Well, if it's motor, it's
controlling movement.

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So every little fold, every
little indent, and upfold,

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they all control different things.

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What this is trying to show you is

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how much different brain
matter, or how much space,

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is dedicated to each part of the body.

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So you can see how the
head, jaws, lips, face,

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eye, brow, neck, how that
one area is taking up

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almost a third of the entire brain.

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Look at the hand.

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Thumb, fingers, hand, wrist,
how much that takes up.

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But then in comparison,
look at the elbow, arm,

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your entire trunk, and your hip,

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takes up less space than just the hand.

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Well, why is that the case?

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Well, let's think about it.

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How many different movements

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can your hand and fingers perform?

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They can really move a
lot of different ways.

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But how many different
ways can your arm, elbow,

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trunk, or hip move?

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They're quite a bit more limited.

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Therefore, they have less musculature,

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not as much movement.

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So the more movement,
the more musculature,

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the more precision you have in movement,

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the more area in the brain it takes up.

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Well, the other side, the blue,

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that's on the parietal lobe.

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That's your primary somatosensory area.

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This is where all of the sensations

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come into the brain from.

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You can see how, again,

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the head takes up a large
amount in comparison.

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The hand's large.

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That's because they have
more sensory receptors,

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so they have more ability to
bring in sensory information.

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Elbow, arm, neck, trunk, hip,

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they can still receive
sensory information,

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but they are not as keen, or as sensitive,

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as the face and hands.

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Now, if we dive a little
deeper down into the brain,

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we come to this limbic system.

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The limbic system is referred
to as your emotional brain.

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It's where all your emotions originate.

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It's where some basic behaviors start.

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So we have a lot of different

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neural structures coming together.

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They help to create your emotions.

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They help to give you motivational drive,

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so if you're driven to complete something

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because of some aspect.

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Well, that gives you motivational drive.

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The structure, the hypothalamus,

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now we looked at that before.

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That's just above the brain stem.

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So the hypothalamus is
gonna be the gateway.

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It's how things get into and
out of the limbic system.

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So your emotions, like
fear, anger, sorrow, love,

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now you can go on and on,
there's dozens of emotions.

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Basic behavior, seeking
food, satisfying thirst.

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If you're hungry, you're
gonna look for food.

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The limbic system's controlling that.

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Satisfying thirst, the
limbic system again.

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And think about it, if
you're really hungry,

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are you in the best of moods?

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Not typically.

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So that's a lot of times how it goes

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with the hunger, or seeking
food, with emotions,

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they're linked together.

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But the limbic system also
deals with sexual gratification.

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So the feelings from sex go
through the limbic system,

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those emotions from sex.

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Now, all of these behaviors, though,

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are not released straight
from the limbic system.

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If they were, the
emotions would be too raw,

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they'd be causing too many problems.

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So, a lot of these basic behaviors,

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even some of the emotions,
are modified by the cerebral.

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Modified by the larger brain.

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They can help to either enhance,

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or to mitigate, what's occurring.

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But the limbic system also deals

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with your short-term memory.

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So those short-term things,
what happened five minutes ago,

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what happened an hour ago,

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that short-term memory is also functioning

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through the limbic system.

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So everything in green
here is the limbic system.

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You can see how you have
some towards the front,

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or anterior portion of the brain,

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and also some towards the back.

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It spans all the way throughout.

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The cerebrum is the
whole outside covering,

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thalamus is dead center in between.

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Corpus callosum's also in the middle,

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but the limbic system is
forming all around them.

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The hypothalamus, let's point out there

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in kind of that purplish-blue,

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that is the entry and exit point

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for all the information into
and out of the limbic system.

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So, how do you store
this short-term memory?

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How do you get the information back?

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Because sometimes you can
remember exactly what you did

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one hour ago, other times
you look back and say,

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"What did I do 10 minutes ago?"

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It depends on what was important,

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what was occurring at the time,

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and how much has occurred since then.

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But your short-term memory
is your working memory.

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Usually it's just the past couple hours.

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It's stored there in the limbic system.

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So if you remember something
from 7:00 at 10:00,

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well, by the time you hit 11:00 or 12:00,

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that 7:00 information
might already be gone.

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Only a few hours of
information can be stored.

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If anything is deemed important enough,

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than that information can go
into your long-term storage.

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Now, long-term can be
from a day or two ago

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to many years ago.

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Now, this long-term storage actually

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will change neurons and synapses.

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It puts them in particular
patterns, particular orders,

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to be able to store this information

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and keep the information present.

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Does that mean you'll never
lose your long-term memory?

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No, sometimes over time
long-term memory fades.

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But we definitely have distinction

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between short-term limbic system,

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long-term changing the neurons.

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Now, long-term still involves
the limbic system, though,

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just not the same way the short-term does.