1 00:00:01,296 --> 00:00:03,364 - [Voiceover] Now to go through the appendicular skeleton 2 00:00:03,364 --> 00:00:05,893 in a little more detail, see a little better view of it, 3 00:00:05,893 --> 00:00:07,846 a little bigger picture. 4 00:00:07,846 --> 00:00:10,721 I said pectoral girdle was the shoulder. 5 00:00:10,721 --> 00:00:13,298 That's clavicle and scapulas. 6 00:00:13,298 --> 00:00:15,811 Now I'm saying plural because it is right and left, 7 00:00:15,811 --> 00:00:17,144 so you have two. 8 00:00:18,136 --> 00:00:22,188 Pelvic girdle was the hip, so coxal bones and sacrum, 9 00:00:22,188 --> 00:00:24,941 and there's two coxal bones 10 00:00:24,941 --> 00:00:27,454 and then the arms: humerus, radius, 11 00:00:27,454 --> 00:00:30,629 ulna, carpals, metacarpals, phalanges. 12 00:00:30,629 --> 00:00:31,885 On the next couple slides, 13 00:00:31,885 --> 00:00:34,384 we'll show pictures of each one of these bones 14 00:00:34,384 --> 00:00:36,301 and how they orientate, 15 00:00:37,178 --> 00:00:40,452 as well as the legs: femur, tibia, fibula, 16 00:00:40,452 --> 00:00:43,119 tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges. 17 00:00:45,076 --> 00:00:48,542 So let's start with the pectoral girdle. 18 00:00:48,542 --> 00:00:51,125 You can see how the clavicle is up top 19 00:00:51,125 --> 00:00:53,790 and the clavicle is going to articulate, 20 00:00:53,790 --> 00:00:55,957 or meet, with the scapula. 21 00:00:57,345 --> 00:00:58,962 Now, the clavicle, you see here 22 00:00:58,962 --> 00:01:01,528 it's mentioned as the collar bone, 23 00:01:01,528 --> 00:01:03,519 scapula is your shoulder bone, 24 00:01:03,519 --> 00:01:06,852 so we have our scapula and our clavicle. 25 00:01:07,734 --> 00:01:11,901 The scapula is then going to articulate with the humerus. 26 00:01:13,042 --> 00:01:15,306 You can see if you follow the humerus up 27 00:01:15,306 --> 00:01:17,678 how it comes to a round end. 28 00:01:17,678 --> 00:01:22,016 That round end is gonna meet right at the scapula 29 00:01:22,016 --> 00:01:24,012 and that's where a lot of the shoulder move. 30 00:01:24,012 --> 00:01:27,949 You can bring your arm forward and back, out and in, 31 00:01:27,949 --> 00:01:31,455 that's what allows all the free movement of your arm. 32 00:01:31,455 --> 00:01:34,233 That's how you have that nice round service 33 00:01:34,233 --> 00:01:36,202 that can move around on that 34 00:01:36,202 --> 00:01:38,952 roughly flat area of the scapula. 35 00:01:41,792 --> 00:01:44,619 From the humerus, you make the elbow 36 00:01:44,619 --> 00:01:46,635 by having the humerus articulate, 37 00:01:46,635 --> 00:01:49,468 or join, with the ulna and radius. 38 00:01:50,705 --> 00:01:55,674 Now the ulna and radius are the two bones of your forearm. 39 00:01:55,674 --> 00:01:58,361 The place the two bones meet up near the humerus, 40 00:01:58,361 --> 00:02:02,869 right by the elbow, that portion never changes. 41 00:02:02,869 --> 00:02:06,509 The radius is always on the thumb side. 42 00:02:06,509 --> 00:02:07,667 You're saying, "Well hold on, how's this work 43 00:02:07,667 --> 00:02:10,227 "when I can spin my forearm?" 44 00:02:10,227 --> 00:02:14,394 What happens is the radius actually crosses over the ulna. 45 00:02:15,940 --> 00:02:19,023 Hey, put your fingers on each side of your wrist. 46 00:02:19,023 --> 00:02:21,785 You should be able to feel a bone each side. 47 00:02:21,785 --> 00:02:23,349 That's gonna be your radius and your ulna, 48 00:02:23,349 --> 00:02:25,676 maybe an inch up from your thumb, 49 00:02:25,676 --> 00:02:29,413 but as you twist your arm, you can feel how that radius, 50 00:02:29,413 --> 00:02:33,147 right above your thumb, is also twisting over the ulna, 51 00:02:33,147 --> 00:02:35,736 which is going underneath. 52 00:02:35,736 --> 00:02:37,670 So that's how your arm's moving 53 00:02:37,670 --> 00:02:41,837 by allowing these bones to actually twist over each other. 54 00:02:44,321 --> 00:02:46,813 In total, we have eight carpals 55 00:02:46,813 --> 00:02:48,744 and the carpal's just your wrist. 56 00:02:48,744 --> 00:02:50,203 It allows for a lot of movement here, 57 00:02:50,203 --> 00:02:53,877 so you can move your wrist in all different directions. 58 00:02:53,877 --> 00:02:57,441 We have five metacarpals, and these metacarpals 59 00:02:57,441 --> 00:02:59,177 are pretty much the meat of your hand. 60 00:02:59,177 --> 00:03:01,162 Think of the palm of your hand. 61 00:03:01,162 --> 00:03:03,633 Total of five of them, 62 00:03:03,633 --> 00:03:05,383 and then 14 phalanges 63 00:03:06,612 --> 00:03:09,133 and really, each time you have a knuckle, 64 00:03:09,133 --> 00:03:11,849 it's changing to a new phalange, 65 00:03:11,849 --> 00:03:13,649 so if you're looking at your actual fingers, 66 00:03:13,649 --> 00:03:18,209 not your thumb, your fingers, each one has two knuckles. 67 00:03:18,209 --> 00:03:19,475 That means you start off with 68 00:03:19,475 --> 00:03:22,404 one, the knuckle, two, the knuckle, three. 69 00:03:22,404 --> 00:03:24,654 Three phalanges per finger, 70 00:03:25,539 --> 00:03:28,151 but your thumb only has one knuckle. 71 00:03:28,151 --> 00:03:32,541 That means there's only two phalanges in your thumb. 72 00:03:32,541 --> 00:03:34,708 And onto the hip and legs. 73 00:03:36,443 --> 00:03:39,789 You can see ow we have the coxal bones and sacrum. 74 00:03:39,789 --> 00:03:42,297 So we have a coxal bone on the right and one on the left 75 00:03:42,297 --> 00:03:45,547 with the very center being that sacrum. 76 00:03:46,668 --> 00:03:48,532 Now remember, the sacrum is towards the back, 77 00:03:48,532 --> 00:03:51,865 it's the bottom of the vertebral column. 78 00:03:53,717 --> 00:03:57,884 The coxal bones are going to articulate with the femur 79 00:03:58,953 --> 00:04:02,540 and you follow that femur up, which is your upper leg bone. 80 00:04:02,540 --> 00:04:04,540 You can see how it turns into this 81 00:04:04,540 --> 00:04:06,241 roughly round shape again, 82 00:04:06,241 --> 00:04:10,408 that's fitting into a nice indent on the coxal bone. 83 00:04:11,747 --> 00:04:13,807 That's your hip joint. 84 00:04:13,807 --> 00:04:16,996 That's your ball and socket of your hip joint. 85 00:04:16,996 --> 00:04:21,408 So it allows for all the movement you leg can do, 86 00:04:21,408 --> 00:04:24,914 but as you head down the femur towards the foot, 87 00:04:24,914 --> 00:04:29,843 you can see the patella, that's your knee cap, so patella. 88 00:04:29,843 --> 00:04:32,420 It's meant to be there to make sure the muscles 89 00:04:32,420 --> 00:04:36,170 are traveling the proper path over your knee. 90 00:04:38,618 --> 00:04:41,220 Get down to the lower leg, you have your tibia, 91 00:04:41,220 --> 00:04:44,518 what really bears the weight, and your fibula, 92 00:04:44,518 --> 00:04:47,772 which is there for balance, stability. 93 00:04:47,772 --> 00:04:52,563 Now, unlike the arm, these two bones do not cross over 94 00:04:52,563 --> 00:04:54,730 a line to twist your foot. 95 00:04:58,087 --> 00:05:01,023 We get down beyond the tibia and fibula, 96 00:05:01,023 --> 00:05:03,143 we're down to the tarsals. 97 00:05:03,143 --> 00:05:07,000 In total, there are seven tarsal bones. 98 00:05:07,000 --> 00:05:11,427 These seven tarsal bones make up your heel and your ankle, 99 00:05:11,427 --> 00:05:13,760 aligned for all of movement. 100 00:05:14,819 --> 00:05:17,026 You have five metatarsals, 101 00:05:17,026 --> 00:05:21,193 think across the top of your foot, and then 14 phalanges. 102 00:05:22,728 --> 00:05:25,022 Same idea as in the hands. 103 00:05:25,022 --> 00:05:27,257 Each one of the toes, toes two through five, 104 00:05:27,257 --> 00:05:31,090 so not the big toe, each one has two knuckles. 105 00:05:32,504 --> 00:05:36,277 That means you have a total of three phalanges per toe, 106 00:05:36,277 --> 00:05:39,204 but the big toe, just like the thumb, 107 00:05:39,204 --> 00:05:42,519 is only gonna have two phalanges, 108 00:05:42,519 --> 00:05:45,852 so a total of 14 phalanges on the foot.