1 00:00:01,007 --> 00:00:03,204 - [Voiceover] The human skeleton self has 2 00:00:03,204 --> 00:00:05,204 usually about 206 bones. 3 00:00:06,282 --> 00:00:09,287 Now I say usually because some people have more, 4 00:00:09,287 --> 00:00:11,313 some people have less. 5 00:00:11,313 --> 00:00:13,980 206 is just the typical average. 6 00:00:15,443 --> 00:00:17,378 Now the human skeleton is broken up 7 00:00:17,378 --> 00:00:19,045 into two main parts. 8 00:00:20,025 --> 00:00:23,915 We have first off the Axial skeleton. 9 00:00:23,915 --> 00:00:28,082 This includes your Skull, the Vertebrae, and your Sternum. 10 00:00:29,714 --> 00:00:33,582 So it's pretty much the central axis of your body. 11 00:00:33,582 --> 00:00:35,165 It's the main core. 12 00:00:36,169 --> 00:00:40,267 The other part is the Appendicular skeleton. 13 00:00:40,267 --> 00:00:43,210 Now the Appendicular skeleton's made up of 14 00:00:43,210 --> 00:00:47,377 the Pectoral girdle; the Pectoral girdle is your shoulder, 15 00:00:48,310 --> 00:00:50,906 The Pelvic girdle; which is your hips, 16 00:00:50,906 --> 00:00:53,406 and your limbs; arms and legs. 17 00:00:54,417 --> 00:00:56,626 So pretty much everything coming off 18 00:00:56,626 --> 00:01:00,602 your torso is part of the Appendicular skeleton. 19 00:01:00,602 --> 00:01:03,185 Shoulder, arms, hips, and legs. 20 00:01:05,139 --> 00:01:06,759 Let's look at the skeleton model here. 21 00:01:06,759 --> 00:01:08,647 We can see we have the cranium up top. 22 00:01:08,647 --> 00:01:12,766 The cranium is made of several different bones of the skull. 23 00:01:12,766 --> 00:01:17,565 Be the Maxilla, can see it's the upper bone of your jaw. 24 00:01:17,565 --> 00:01:19,634 Mandible's the lower bone. 25 00:01:19,634 --> 00:01:22,137 The Mandible better be the only bone 26 00:01:22,137 --> 00:01:24,350 that moves in your entire head. 27 00:01:24,350 --> 00:01:26,998 Cause if any other bone is moving 28 00:01:26,998 --> 00:01:29,021 something's either broken or fractured; 29 00:01:29,021 --> 00:01:30,589 something's really wrong. 30 00:01:30,589 --> 00:01:35,295 The Mandible should be the only one that moves. 31 00:01:35,295 --> 00:01:37,963 Sternum, right down the center. 32 00:01:37,963 --> 00:01:39,345 You can see that's right what's 33 00:01:39,345 --> 00:01:41,380 commonly known as the breast bone. 34 00:01:41,380 --> 00:01:44,297 But the Sternum is the proper name. 35 00:01:45,310 --> 00:01:48,422 The Ribs, now the Ribs go all the way 36 00:01:48,422 --> 00:01:50,578 from Rib one down through the bottom one, 37 00:01:50,578 --> 00:01:54,028 you can see kinda hanging off the bottom is Rib 12. 38 00:01:54,028 --> 00:01:57,278 So we have a total of 12 pairs of Ribs. 39 00:01:58,638 --> 00:01:59,999 The Vertebrae. 40 00:01:59,999 --> 00:02:04,345 Now in this case the Vertebrae are towards the bottom label, 41 00:02:04,345 --> 00:02:07,946 but those Vertebrae run all the way up to your head. 42 00:02:07,946 --> 00:02:11,946 So you can see the entire long Vertebral column. 43 00:02:14,067 --> 00:02:16,218 And then as we get down to the bottom of the Vertebrae, 44 00:02:16,218 --> 00:02:17,965 we come to the Sacrum. 45 00:02:17,965 --> 00:02:21,465 The Sacrum is still part of the Vertebrae. 46 00:02:22,751 --> 00:02:24,678 What it is is actually a couple of Vertebrae 47 00:02:24,678 --> 00:02:26,602 that have fused together; should make 48 00:02:26,602 --> 00:02:29,438 a really solid structure there. 49 00:02:29,438 --> 00:02:33,605 So the Sacrum, the bottom of the Vertebral column. 50 00:02:34,994 --> 00:02:37,055 If we start looking at the Appendicular, 51 00:02:37,055 --> 00:02:41,748 remember we're thinking shoulder, arm, hip, leg. 52 00:02:41,748 --> 00:02:44,769 So we have the Clavicle and Scapula. 53 00:02:44,769 --> 00:02:46,300 The Clavicle, a lot of times you can think of that 54 00:02:46,300 --> 00:02:48,341 as the collar bone. 55 00:02:48,341 --> 00:02:50,231 So, Clavicle's the term. 56 00:02:50,231 --> 00:02:54,753 Scapula, a lot of times known as the shoulder blade. 57 00:02:54,753 --> 00:02:57,336 But Scapula is the proper term. 58 00:02:59,113 --> 00:03:00,946 Humerus, Ulna, Radius. 59 00:03:01,848 --> 00:03:05,577 You can see the Humerus is the bone of the upper arm. 60 00:03:05,577 --> 00:03:09,961 Ulna and Radius are the two bones of the lower arm. 61 00:03:09,961 --> 00:03:14,128 The Radius is always the one that's one the thumb side. 62 00:03:15,544 --> 00:03:17,690 And then your wrist is Carpals. 63 00:03:17,690 --> 00:03:20,294 Maybe you've heard of Carpal tunnel syndrome. 64 00:03:20,294 --> 00:03:21,797 Well it got it's name because 65 00:03:21,797 --> 00:03:25,964 Carpal tunnel syndrome has the Carpals being affected. 66 00:03:26,979 --> 00:03:28,590 Then you got to the Metacarpals 67 00:03:28,590 --> 00:03:30,495 and finally the Phalanges. 68 00:03:30,495 --> 00:03:34,162 Actual fingers themselves are the Phalanges. 69 00:03:35,399 --> 00:03:38,791 The actual bone of your hip is called the Coxal bone. 70 00:03:38,791 --> 00:03:41,448 A lot of the time that's referred to as the hip bone, 71 00:03:41,448 --> 00:03:44,115 but Coxal bone is more accurate. 72 00:03:45,230 --> 00:03:47,717 We have the Femur, the upper leg; 73 00:03:47,717 --> 00:03:50,163 very strong, very large bone. 74 00:03:50,163 --> 00:03:52,781 Patella, more commonly known as the knee cap, 75 00:03:52,781 --> 00:03:55,635 but Patella's what we're going with. 76 00:03:55,635 --> 00:03:57,385 Then Tiba and Fibula. 77 00:03:58,484 --> 00:04:00,382 Now an interesting side note here, 78 00:04:00,382 --> 00:04:03,806 the Tibia is taking all the weight. 79 00:04:03,806 --> 00:04:06,056 The Fibula bears no weight. 80 00:04:06,957 --> 00:04:10,040 The Fibula is just meant for balance. 81 00:04:11,465 --> 00:04:14,477 You can actually completely have your Fibula crushed 82 00:04:14,477 --> 00:04:17,917 and still be able to walk afterwards. 83 00:04:17,917 --> 00:04:19,526 Had a student several semesters back 84 00:04:19,526 --> 00:04:24,284 (mumbles) and both Fibula completely crushed, 85 00:04:24,284 --> 00:04:26,870 couldn't rebuild them, so they actually took them out. 86 00:04:26,870 --> 00:04:29,786 Wouldn't even know the individual had a problem, 87 00:04:29,786 --> 00:04:31,644 unless it was mentioned. 88 00:04:31,644 --> 00:04:34,519 So the Tibia is really what bears the weight, 89 00:04:34,519 --> 00:04:37,102 the Fibula is balancing issues. 90 00:04:38,478 --> 00:04:41,385 Then we get down to the ankle, you have your Tarsals. 91 00:04:41,385 --> 00:04:42,585 Tarsals are all those bones that 92 00:04:42,585 --> 00:04:44,977 allow the ankle to move around. 93 00:04:44,977 --> 00:04:48,161 Metatarsals, think of the arch of the foot. 94 00:04:48,161 --> 00:04:51,362 Heading down to the actual toes, the Phalanges. 95 00:04:51,362 --> 00:04:55,143 And yes, the Phalanges are both toes and fingers; 96 00:04:55,143 --> 00:04:56,476 same exact term. 97 00:04:59,658 --> 00:05:02,454 Alright let's look a little closer at the skull. 98 00:05:02,454 --> 00:05:04,751 Here we have a lateral view up top, 99 00:05:04,751 --> 00:05:06,508 so we're looking from the side. 100 00:05:06,508 --> 00:05:08,760 The one at the bottom is an inferior view, 101 00:05:08,760 --> 00:05:10,363 it's has if you're looking from 102 00:05:10,363 --> 00:05:13,446 the actual chest up towards the head. 103 00:05:14,304 --> 00:05:18,942 You have a Frontal, makes sense it's the front of the skull. 104 00:05:18,942 --> 00:05:21,120 A Parietal bone covers most of 105 00:05:21,120 --> 00:05:23,703 the back half back top portion. 106 00:05:24,689 --> 00:05:26,662 We have the Temporal bone, think about 107 00:05:26,662 --> 00:05:29,104 where your temples are, side of your head. 108 00:05:29,104 --> 00:05:33,755 And the External Auditory Meatus, that's your ear. 109 00:05:33,755 --> 00:05:37,088 That's how the sound goes into your ear. 110 00:05:38,148 --> 00:05:41,187 Occipital bone, back of your head. 111 00:05:41,187 --> 00:05:42,858 Now if you look at the bottom picture 112 00:05:42,858 --> 00:05:43,919 you can see how it's the back, 113 00:05:43,919 --> 00:05:46,042 but also wraps underneath. 114 00:05:46,042 --> 00:05:47,944 You can see that nice big opening called 115 00:05:47,944 --> 00:05:49,527 the Foramen Magnum. 116 00:05:50,697 --> 00:05:53,774 Now that's where you brain and spinal cord meet. 117 00:05:53,774 --> 00:05:58,762 So, Foramen Magnum, where the brain and spinal cord meet. 118 00:05:58,762 --> 00:06:01,144 Your Sphenoid bone is the thing in yellow. 119 00:06:01,144 --> 00:06:03,229 It kinda helps to keep everything together, 120 00:06:03,229 --> 00:06:05,415 so right in the center. 121 00:06:05,415 --> 00:06:07,122 We have our Ethmoid bone, you can see it 122 00:06:07,122 --> 00:06:09,986 inside the eye socket a little bit. 123 00:06:09,986 --> 00:06:12,368 We have our Lacrimal bone, that's where 124 00:06:12,368 --> 00:06:14,594 your tear ducts are. 125 00:06:14,594 --> 00:06:16,166 We have our Nasal bone, it's the 126 00:06:16,166 --> 00:06:19,764 boney portion at the top of our nose. 127 00:06:19,764 --> 00:06:22,901 We have our Zygomatic bone, you think cheek bone. 128 00:06:22,901 --> 00:06:26,151 Zygomatic bone, that's your cheek bone. 129 00:06:27,098 --> 00:06:28,959 Maxilla is the upper jaw. 130 00:06:28,959 --> 00:06:31,126 Mandible is the lower jaw. 131 00:06:33,304 --> 00:06:36,255 Then we have this Palatine bone. 132 00:06:36,255 --> 00:06:37,946 So look at the bottom figure, look where 133 00:06:37,946 --> 00:06:40,153 the roof of the mouth is. 134 00:06:40,153 --> 00:06:42,148 See all the purple is the Maxilla, 135 00:06:42,148 --> 00:06:44,143 but that little bit of blue there, 136 00:06:44,143 --> 00:06:46,961 that's the Palatine bone; helps make up 137 00:06:46,961 --> 00:06:49,817 the hard surface at the top of your mouth. 138 00:06:49,817 --> 00:06:52,317 The Maxilla and Palatine bone. 139 00:06:54,704 --> 00:06:58,855 And right in the middle of the nasal cavity comes the Vomer. 140 00:06:58,855 --> 00:07:01,217 It's that brown one dead center 141 00:07:01,217 --> 00:07:05,300 you can see from underneath the skull; the Vomer. 142 00:07:07,211 --> 00:07:10,344 If we move on to the Vertebrae you can notice we have 143 00:07:10,344 --> 00:07:12,246 the Vertebrae all numbered, one through seven, 144 00:07:12,246 --> 00:07:15,294 one through 12, one through five. 145 00:07:15,294 --> 00:07:19,928 Well these Vertebrae are grouped into regions. 146 00:07:19,928 --> 00:07:24,315 We have seven Cervical Vertebrae, that's your neck. 147 00:07:24,315 --> 00:07:27,734 A total of 12 Thoracic Vertebrae, that's where 148 00:07:27,734 --> 00:07:29,978 your rib cage comes off of. 149 00:07:29,978 --> 00:07:34,562 We have five Lumbar Vertebrae, that's your lower back. 150 00:07:34,562 --> 00:07:36,681 So you have seven, 12, five. 151 00:07:36,681 --> 00:07:39,054 You can kind of think of it as breakfast, lunch, and dinner. 152 00:07:39,054 --> 00:07:43,013 Breakfast at seven, lunch at noon, dinner at five. 153 00:07:43,013 --> 00:07:44,516 It might not be totally accurate for everyone, 154 00:07:44,516 --> 00:07:48,581 but hey if it helps you remember go for it. 155 00:07:48,581 --> 00:07:50,619 And that Sacrum again. 156 00:07:50,619 --> 00:07:53,300 Sacrum is five fused Vertebrae, 157 00:07:53,300 --> 00:07:54,907 so it's like one big one, 158 00:07:54,907 --> 00:07:58,722 but it's really five of them that have fused together. 159 00:07:58,722 --> 00:08:02,411 Then the end is the Coccyx, it's three or four 160 00:08:02,411 --> 00:08:05,181 Vertebrae that are usually fused together. 161 00:08:05,181 --> 00:08:06,348 So the Coccyx. 162 00:08:07,950 --> 00:08:11,317 Now that's just the average, sometimes people 163 00:08:11,317 --> 00:08:12,571 can end up with two or three, 164 00:08:12,571 --> 00:08:16,734 sometimes it goes five or six or seven or even more. 165 00:08:16,734 --> 00:08:20,959 When an infant is born with a large amount of vertebrae 166 00:08:20,959 --> 00:08:25,006 from the Coccyx, they actually have a small tail 167 00:08:25,006 --> 00:08:28,048 protruding from their bodies. 168 00:08:28,048 --> 00:08:29,801 That's just because there are too many Vertebrae 169 00:08:29,801 --> 00:08:32,450 and they just actually poke out of the body. 170 00:08:32,450 --> 00:08:35,006 So more often than not that's surgically removed right away, 171 00:08:35,006 --> 00:08:37,423 to prevent any complications. 172 00:08:39,959 --> 00:08:42,086 Alright so as we mentioned, Vertebral column has 173 00:08:42,086 --> 00:08:46,166 Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal. 174 00:08:46,166 --> 00:08:48,941 But all those bones aren't actually 175 00:08:48,941 --> 00:08:51,632 touching the bones directly, 176 00:08:51,632 --> 00:08:53,782 right where they meet for weight. 177 00:08:53,782 --> 00:08:58,039 They have what are called Intervertebral disks in between. 178 00:08:58,039 --> 00:09:00,456 It's cushioning of cartilage. 179 00:09:01,454 --> 00:09:05,961 The cartilage is in between the main parts of the Vertebrae, 180 00:09:05,961 --> 00:09:09,613 the main round bodies; helps give them cushioning, 181 00:09:09,613 --> 00:09:12,111 but also allows for flexibility. 182 00:09:12,111 --> 00:09:14,129 It allows them to pivot forward and back 183 00:09:14,129 --> 00:09:17,129 allowing you to bend with your back. 184 00:09:19,985 --> 00:09:22,985 Ribs, we mentioned 12 pairs already. 185 00:09:24,028 --> 00:09:27,824 Now the bottom two though, pairs number 11 and 12, 186 00:09:27,824 --> 00:09:30,652 they're kinda unique because they're called floating. 187 00:09:30,652 --> 00:09:34,819 They're floating because they do not attach to the front. 188 00:09:35,987 --> 00:09:38,908 They have no attachment up the Sternum. 189 00:09:38,908 --> 00:09:41,394 So they're kinda just floating down in the bottom, 190 00:09:41,394 --> 00:09:43,561 in between all the muscle. 191 00:09:45,242 --> 00:09:48,281 Sternum, right in the middle of your chest. 192 00:09:48,281 --> 00:09:50,712 It's where most of the ribs come and articulate, 193 00:09:50,712 --> 00:09:52,797 or come together. 194 00:09:52,797 --> 00:09:56,706 The Sternum really is actually three bones fused together. 195 00:09:56,706 --> 00:09:58,847 So it's three separate bones 196 00:09:58,847 --> 00:10:00,613 that all grown and fused together 197 00:10:00,613 --> 00:10:03,280 to create a solid front surface. 198 00:10:06,830 --> 00:10:08,579 So again looking at the Vertebrae, 199 00:10:08,579 --> 00:10:10,556 you can see the main bodies point out here; 200 00:10:10,556 --> 00:10:11,931 the top figure. 201 00:10:11,931 --> 00:10:15,539 And then you have the blue Intervertebral disk. 202 00:10:15,539 --> 00:10:18,332 Those blue disks are what allow 203 00:10:18,332 --> 00:10:20,998 for the Vertebrae to kinda pivot back and forth 204 00:10:20,998 --> 00:10:22,248 back and forth. 205 00:10:23,543 --> 00:10:28,061 The bottom picture, it's showing you a herniated disk. 206 00:10:28,061 --> 00:10:29,858 Now the herniated disk a lot of times 207 00:10:29,858 --> 00:10:33,730 it just means the cartilage is being pushed out. 208 00:10:33,730 --> 00:10:38,371 Well the problem is what does the cartilage push into? 209 00:10:38,371 --> 00:10:40,671 The cartilage is pushing into that yellow thing, 210 00:10:40,671 --> 00:10:42,671 which is a spinal nerve. 211 00:10:43,648 --> 00:10:45,951 If you pinch a spinal nerve a 212 00:10:45,951 --> 00:10:48,534 whole lot of things can happen. 213 00:10:50,877 --> 00:10:53,067 Look at the view of the Rib cage and Ribs here 214 00:10:53,067 --> 00:10:54,898 with the Sternum right up front. 215 00:10:54,898 --> 00:10:57,019 You can see the Vertebral column is in the back, 216 00:10:57,019 --> 00:10:59,658 starting at C7 or Cervical seven 217 00:10:59,658 --> 00:11:03,206 and going down to L2, Lumbar two. 218 00:11:03,206 --> 00:11:05,583 Sternum is right in the front. 219 00:11:05,583 --> 00:11:09,305 You can see the three different regions of Sternum, 220 00:11:09,305 --> 00:11:11,049 You can see all the Ribs. 221 00:11:11,049 --> 00:11:13,047 If you notice when the Ribs are counted down, 222 00:11:13,047 --> 00:11:16,737 numbers 11 and 12 don't have any blue. 223 00:11:16,737 --> 00:11:20,904 That's because remember 11 and 12 are going to be floating. 224 00:11:22,143 --> 00:11:25,416 They don't attach to the front. 225 00:11:25,416 --> 00:11:27,597 All that blue is the cartilage that 226 00:11:27,597 --> 00:11:30,764 helps to hold the Ribs to the Sternum. 227 00:11:31,787 --> 00:11:33,986 So remember those floating Ribs at the bottom 228 00:11:33,986 --> 00:11:36,455 can't forget about those floating Ribs.