1 00:00:02,171 --> 00:00:03,377 - [Voiceover] All that energy used 2 00:00:03,377 --> 00:00:05,089 has to come from somewhere. 3 00:00:05,089 --> 00:00:07,373 So where do you get your energy? 4 00:00:07,373 --> 00:00:11,703 You've several different sources to obtain energy. 5 00:00:11,703 --> 00:00:13,370 Fats are one source. 6 00:00:14,382 --> 00:00:16,090 Now I'm not just gonna go out and eat a stick of butter 7 00:00:16,090 --> 00:00:18,715 or something, that's just not right but 8 00:00:18,715 --> 00:00:21,083 you have fats in the food you eat. 9 00:00:21,083 --> 00:00:24,988 These triglycerides are long-term energy. 10 00:00:24,988 --> 00:00:26,806 They won't give you a fast boost of energy 11 00:00:26,806 --> 00:00:28,413 or a quick high. 12 00:00:28,413 --> 00:00:31,228 What they do is, if you're working out for a long period, 13 00:00:31,228 --> 00:00:34,416 or you have a long period between meals, 14 00:00:34,416 --> 00:00:38,583 these'll help keep your body running for the long haul. 15 00:00:39,902 --> 00:00:40,735 Glycogen. 16 00:00:42,217 --> 00:00:44,789 Whenever you eat any carbohydrates, 17 00:00:44,789 --> 00:00:47,405 so think about breads or pastas, 18 00:00:47,405 --> 00:00:51,604 you'll store some of the carbohydrate you do not use. 19 00:00:51,604 --> 00:00:54,327 These stored carbohydrates are stored 20 00:00:54,327 --> 00:00:58,494 in the form of glycogen, a very large carbohydrate molecule. 21 00:01:00,914 --> 00:01:04,957 But carbohydrates are meant for short-term. 22 00:01:04,957 --> 00:01:06,749 These reserve fuel source, 23 00:01:06,749 --> 00:01:09,832 these back-up sources are used first. 24 00:01:10,844 --> 00:01:13,499 They're used for that quick burst of energy. 25 00:01:13,499 --> 00:01:14,582 So, glycogen. 26 00:01:17,123 --> 00:01:18,905 Now that cell structure we mentioned, 27 00:01:18,905 --> 00:01:21,999 about the whole cytoskeleton before, 28 00:01:21,999 --> 00:01:25,866 already said the cytoskeleton is for structure and support. 29 00:01:25,866 --> 00:01:28,435 But that's not the only thing. 30 00:01:28,435 --> 00:01:32,680 The cytoskeleton not only gives structure to your cell, 31 00:01:32,680 --> 00:01:36,244 it helps support the organelles inside, 32 00:01:36,244 --> 00:01:39,827 keeping the organelles in proper placement. 33 00:01:41,054 --> 00:01:45,221 Cilia, well cilia are tiny, hair-like projections. 34 00:01:47,963 --> 00:01:49,713 I put short and many. 35 00:01:50,810 --> 00:01:52,231 So you can kinda think of cilia 36 00:01:52,231 --> 00:01:53,828 as these tiny little hair-like projections. 37 00:01:53,828 --> 00:01:55,850 So if someone has a buzz cut for instance, 38 00:01:55,850 --> 00:02:00,137 a lot of tiny little hair cells coming off. 39 00:02:00,137 --> 00:02:04,304 Now cilia aren't really hair, but they act similar. 40 00:02:05,779 --> 00:02:08,754 The fluid around the cell can cause the cilia, 41 00:02:08,754 --> 00:02:12,171 these tiny hairs, to move back and forth. 42 00:02:14,623 --> 00:02:18,790 Flagella, well that's one long, single protrusion. 43 00:02:20,988 --> 00:02:25,747 So a cell that has a flagella is a sperm cell, for example. 44 00:02:25,747 --> 00:02:28,747 The tail of the sperm is a flagella. 45 00:02:29,984 --> 00:02:33,821 It's meant to help with propulsion of that cell, 46 00:02:33,821 --> 00:02:36,571 moving that cell through a fluid. 47 00:02:39,210 --> 00:02:40,127 Centrioles. 48 00:02:41,688 --> 00:02:45,743 Well, centrioles are aiding with the cell division. 49 00:02:45,743 --> 00:02:49,910 They help that one cell split into two different cells. 50 00:02:50,912 --> 00:02:54,628 Now there are two main processes that will deal 51 00:02:54,628 --> 00:02:58,194 with the use and transformation of matter and energy. 52 00:02:58,194 --> 00:03:01,294 The first one is an anabolism. 53 00:03:01,294 --> 00:03:05,132 In anabolism, you have to use enzymes. 54 00:03:05,132 --> 00:03:09,299 These enzymes are going to make or assemble large molecules. 55 00:03:11,279 --> 00:03:13,883 So, take a whole bunch of small building blocks, 56 00:03:13,883 --> 00:03:17,925 put 'em together, and build a larger molecule. 57 00:03:17,925 --> 00:03:21,308 Now I have up here it may require energy. 58 00:03:21,308 --> 00:03:26,037 More often than not, anabolism is gonna need energy 59 00:03:26,037 --> 00:03:27,884 to build the bonds. 60 00:03:27,884 --> 00:03:31,425 It's going to need energy to put molecules together. 61 00:03:31,425 --> 00:03:35,592 So anabolism, you're creating, or making, larger molecules. 62 00:03:37,075 --> 00:03:40,471 Well, the flip side, catabolism. 63 00:03:40,471 --> 00:03:44,084 Catabolism is also requiring enzymes, 64 00:03:44,084 --> 00:03:47,212 but now you're breaking down molecules. 65 00:03:47,212 --> 00:03:51,021 In catabolism, a lot of times when you break down molecules, 66 00:03:51,021 --> 00:03:55,387 you break that bond, the breaking of the bond 67 00:03:55,387 --> 00:03:57,054 will release energy. 68 00:03:58,428 --> 00:04:02,227 So both require enzymes, so what is an enzyme? 69 00:04:02,227 --> 00:04:06,277 An enzyme is a molecule that facilitates 70 00:04:06,277 --> 00:04:09,972 or helps a chemical reaction along. 71 00:04:09,972 --> 00:04:13,341 So enzymes can be used over and over and over 72 00:04:13,341 --> 00:04:16,846 for their specific chemical reaction. 73 00:04:16,846 --> 00:04:19,179 Enzymes are always specific. 74 00:04:21,288 --> 00:04:23,552 But in the case of anabolism, 75 00:04:23,552 --> 00:04:26,616 you're building or making a larger molecule. 76 00:04:26,616 --> 00:04:29,039 Catabolism, you're breaking it down, 77 00:04:29,039 --> 00:04:31,317 making a smaller molecule. 78 00:04:31,317 --> 00:04:33,309 So what you're building, more often than not, 79 00:04:33,309 --> 00:04:37,601 you're putting energy in to make that bond. 80 00:04:37,601 --> 00:04:40,583 Catabolism, when you break the molecule down, 81 00:04:40,583 --> 00:04:43,197 more often than not, you're getting energy, 82 00:04:43,197 --> 00:04:46,614 or releasing energy from the broken bond. 83 00:04:50,027 --> 00:04:51,887 So, all this energy I keep talking about, 84 00:04:51,887 --> 00:04:54,758 well where is the energy, what is it? 85 00:04:54,758 --> 00:04:58,406 Energy is produced from the food you eat. 86 00:04:58,406 --> 00:05:02,573 The main source of energy of the body is the sugar glucose. 87 00:05:04,191 --> 00:05:08,851 Glucose is a simple sugar, or a monosaccharide. 88 00:05:08,851 --> 00:05:11,950 The glucose molecule is how your body 89 00:05:11,950 --> 00:05:13,950 primarily generates ATP. 90 00:05:16,779 --> 00:05:20,946 Remember ATP is the actual energy source the cells can use. 91 00:05:25,029 --> 00:05:29,217 But if don't have glucose, you can use other things. 92 00:05:29,217 --> 00:05:33,329 Other carbohydrates can be used like fructose or lactose. 93 00:05:33,329 --> 00:05:36,137 You can use fats, triglycerides. 94 00:05:36,137 --> 00:05:38,637 And proteins can also be used. 95 00:05:39,526 --> 00:05:41,258 But what's happening here now, 96 00:05:41,258 --> 00:05:42,910 is they're all being catabolized, 97 00:05:42,910 --> 00:05:46,119 or going through the process of catabolism. 98 00:05:46,119 --> 00:05:48,247 When you go through catabolism, 99 00:05:48,247 --> 00:05:52,414 you take the molecule, break the bond to release energy. 100 00:05:53,357 --> 00:05:55,363 Well, that's great, no problem. 101 00:05:55,363 --> 00:05:58,463 Except we got a little issue. 102 00:05:58,463 --> 00:05:59,296 Protein. 103 00:06:00,462 --> 00:06:02,590 What do proteins make up? 104 00:06:02,590 --> 00:06:06,132 Muscles, bones, a lot of your organs. 105 00:06:06,132 --> 00:06:08,276 Is it a good idea to use protein then, 106 00:06:08,276 --> 00:06:09,759 to make energy? 107 00:06:09,759 --> 00:06:13,643 See, you break down your muscles to provide energy. 108 00:06:13,643 --> 00:06:15,611 It could save your life, could help you live longer, 109 00:06:15,611 --> 00:06:19,305 but it's not the smartest thing to depend on. 110 00:06:19,305 --> 00:06:23,322 Fats, carbohydrates, thankfully are used first. 111 00:06:23,322 --> 00:06:25,154 So, glucose is the primary, 112 00:06:25,154 --> 00:06:26,876 but if it can't work, 113 00:06:26,876 --> 00:06:29,519 you go into other carbs, you go into fats, 114 00:06:29,519 --> 00:06:31,269 you go into proteins. 115 00:06:32,570 --> 00:06:35,135 Here we're seeing a basic diagram 116 00:06:35,135 --> 00:06:38,739 of how the cell is obtaining energy, 117 00:06:38,739 --> 00:06:40,954 and then using energy. 118 00:06:40,954 --> 00:06:43,089 To produce the energy in the first place, 119 00:06:43,089 --> 00:06:45,968 you go through what's called cell respiration. 120 00:06:45,968 --> 00:06:49,705 It's a process that ultimately goes through a couple steps, 121 00:06:49,705 --> 00:06:52,973 but you start with glucose and oxygen. 122 00:06:52,973 --> 00:06:56,387 You then head through these processes of cell respiration, 123 00:06:56,387 --> 00:07:01,209 you end up with carbon dioxide and water as a waste product. 124 00:07:01,209 --> 00:07:03,402 Well, by doing all that, 125 00:07:03,402 --> 00:07:05,315 by producing those molecules 126 00:07:05,315 --> 00:07:09,482 and going through those reactions, you're producing ATP. 127 00:07:10,395 --> 00:07:14,062 You can take 36 ADP, adenosine diphosphates, 128 00:07:17,665 --> 00:07:20,673 and at 36 phosphates on it. 129 00:07:20,673 --> 00:07:24,340 That way you get 36 adenosine triphosphates. 130 00:07:26,406 --> 00:07:29,860 So during cell respiration, you're breaking bonds down, 131 00:07:29,860 --> 00:07:33,364 releasing energy, which then puts energy 132 00:07:33,364 --> 00:07:35,499 into that middle circle here, 133 00:07:35,499 --> 00:07:38,582 to form bonds from ADP and phosphate. 134 00:07:40,484 --> 00:07:42,679 You can then take that ATP, 135 00:07:42,679 --> 00:07:45,344 which is to release energy. 136 00:07:45,344 --> 00:07:48,701 So, you break off one phosphate, release the energy, 137 00:07:48,701 --> 00:07:51,034 that performs cellular work. 138 00:07:51,989 --> 00:07:54,011 Could be anabolism, could be transport, 139 00:07:54,011 --> 00:07:55,910 muscle contraction. 140 00:07:55,910 --> 00:07:58,305 There's a whole bunch of things that could occur 141 00:07:58,305 --> 00:07:59,888 via the use of ATP. 142 00:08:03,263 --> 00:08:06,513 So we see here a mitochondria blown up. 143 00:08:07,691 --> 00:08:10,573 The mitochondria is in the background of the green, 144 00:08:10,573 --> 00:08:13,171 the blue, and purple structures here. 145 00:08:13,171 --> 00:08:15,004 The orange is outside. 146 00:08:15,849 --> 00:08:18,309 So if we start with the orange, 147 00:08:18,309 --> 00:08:21,648 the process known as glycolysis. 148 00:08:21,648 --> 00:08:25,731 Glycolysis is the first step in cell respiration. 149 00:08:27,572 --> 00:08:31,489 It will take the glucose in, make a couple ATP, 150 00:08:33,079 --> 00:08:34,912 and provide a product. 151 00:08:36,074 --> 00:08:39,574 That product is put into the mitochondria. 152 00:08:41,900 --> 00:08:46,857 Once in the mitochondria, you kinda prep it, get it ready, 153 00:08:46,857 --> 00:08:50,107 and it goes into the citric acid cycle. 154 00:08:52,171 --> 00:08:54,416 The citric acid cycle heads down 155 00:08:54,416 --> 00:08:57,353 to the electron transport system. 156 00:08:57,353 --> 00:09:00,078 SO really there's three primary steps here. 157 00:09:00,078 --> 00:09:03,852 Glycolysis, you produce a couple ATP. 158 00:09:03,852 --> 00:09:07,282 The citric acid cycle, also known as the Krebs cycle, 159 00:09:07,282 --> 00:09:09,769 produces even more ATP 160 00:09:09,769 --> 00:09:13,690 and then you go into the electron transport system. 161 00:09:13,690 --> 00:09:17,857 The electron transport system is the main producer of ATP. 162 00:09:20,980 --> 00:09:24,581 It produces the vast majority of ATP 163 00:09:24,581 --> 00:09:26,414 from the mitochondria. 164 00:09:28,806 --> 00:09:31,179 So, let's look at a little more detail. 165 00:09:31,179 --> 00:09:33,603 We start off, glycolysis. 166 00:09:33,603 --> 00:09:35,523 Glucose goes to pyruvate. 167 00:09:35,523 --> 00:09:37,527 That's the product there. 168 00:09:37,527 --> 00:09:38,603 So what happens is, 169 00:09:38,603 --> 00:09:42,673 you initially have to use two ATP molecules 170 00:09:42,673 --> 00:09:46,453 to start the process, get everything going. 171 00:09:46,453 --> 00:09:49,357 Well, once you're going you're gonna end up producing 172 00:09:49,357 --> 00:09:51,857 a total of four ATP molecules. 173 00:09:53,605 --> 00:09:55,245 All right, no big problem. 174 00:09:55,245 --> 00:09:57,130 So far, so good. 175 00:09:57,130 --> 00:09:59,198 We then go into that prep step, 176 00:09:59,198 --> 00:10:02,948 which helps produce two acetyl CoA molecules. 177 00:10:04,212 --> 00:10:06,712 These two acetyl CoA molecules 178 00:10:08,614 --> 00:10:12,094 are sent into the citric acid cycle 179 00:10:12,094 --> 00:10:15,007 or also known as the Krebs cycle. 180 00:10:15,007 --> 00:10:17,786 Again, not a lot of ATP production, 181 00:10:17,786 --> 00:10:20,396 but you still get two more. 182 00:10:20,396 --> 00:10:23,529 You take that citric acid cycle, 183 00:10:23,529 --> 00:10:28,286 put those products into electron transport chain 184 00:10:28,286 --> 00:10:29,759 and by going through a process 185 00:10:29,759 --> 00:10:32,143 called oxidative phosphorylation. 186 00:10:32,143 --> 00:10:33,929 Now, not that I'm worried if you don't remember that, 187 00:10:33,929 --> 00:10:35,505 but the key thing is you're going through 188 00:10:35,505 --> 00:10:38,541 and moving this electron transport chain. 189 00:10:38,541 --> 00:10:40,374 Produces about 34 ATP. 190 00:10:42,824 --> 00:10:45,808 So you take all the numbers, add 'em all up, 191 00:10:45,808 --> 00:10:49,391 give or take you're about 36 ATP molecules. 192 00:10:50,398 --> 00:10:53,315 So 36 molecules of energy produced, 193 00:10:54,271 --> 00:10:57,354 for each individual glucose molecule. 194 00:10:58,819 --> 00:11:01,698 So by going through all these steps it's pretty efficient 195 00:11:01,698 --> 00:11:04,741 at making energy from glucose, 196 00:11:04,741 --> 00:11:07,824 as long as you have oxygen available. 197 00:11:09,416 --> 00:11:11,406 The electron transport chain, you see, 198 00:11:11,406 --> 00:11:13,323 needs oxygens to enter. 199 00:11:14,496 --> 00:11:17,829 Without oxygen that system does not run. 200 00:11:20,454 --> 00:11:23,459 At the very end you can see there's two ATP kinda shell here 201 00:11:23,459 --> 00:11:25,483 helping with the electrons. 202 00:11:25,483 --> 00:11:29,402 The idea is all of this energy is being reused. 203 00:11:29,402 --> 00:11:31,485 Nothing's going to waste. 204 00:11:33,347 --> 00:11:36,211 But where do you get extra energy from. 205 00:11:36,211 --> 00:11:38,641 Mentioned the term glycogen before. 206 00:11:38,641 --> 00:11:41,724 Remember by chance, what glycogen is? 207 00:11:42,918 --> 00:11:45,479 Glycogen is your reserve fuel, 208 00:11:45,479 --> 00:11:48,646 your reserve storage of carbohydrates. 209 00:11:50,119 --> 00:11:53,063 You have fats as an additional source. 210 00:11:53,063 --> 00:11:55,648 Triglycerides have, if not twice, 211 00:11:55,648 --> 00:11:58,105 almost pushing two and a half times, 212 00:11:58,105 --> 00:12:00,438 the energy of carbohydrates. 213 00:12:01,580 --> 00:12:05,330 The only problem is, fats are slower release. 214 00:12:06,201 --> 00:12:10,368 Carbohydrates, like glycogen, is a faster release of energy. 215 00:12:12,833 --> 00:12:16,253 Proteins can also work at about the same energy 216 00:12:16,253 --> 00:12:19,543 as your carbohydrates, so same as glycogen. 217 00:12:19,543 --> 00:12:22,765 But you really don't want to break down too many proteins. 218 00:12:22,765 --> 00:12:26,343 Remember proteins are structural. 219 00:12:26,343 --> 00:12:27,764 They're what make your muscles. 220 00:12:27,764 --> 00:12:30,993 They help with the bones, the organs. 221 00:12:30,993 --> 00:12:35,160 So, it's not a good idea to break down a ton of protein. 222 00:12:36,927 --> 00:12:38,766 But unfortunately sometimes our system 223 00:12:38,766 --> 00:12:41,016 is in an anaerobic process. 224 00:12:42,380 --> 00:12:45,047 Now anaerobic is without oxygen. 225 00:12:46,961 --> 00:12:48,279 This can occur if you're working out 226 00:12:48,279 --> 00:12:49,744 and you're really pushing yourself. 227 00:12:49,744 --> 00:12:53,048 You're above that 70% mark. 228 00:12:53,048 --> 00:12:56,766 So you have, let's say your maximum workout is 100%, 229 00:12:56,766 --> 00:13:00,199 if you do at least 70% of that ability 230 00:13:00,199 --> 00:13:04,149 you start to lose some oxygen saturation in your muscles. 231 00:13:04,149 --> 00:13:07,286 Your muscles can't quite get enough oxygen in. 232 00:13:07,286 --> 00:13:09,096 So what happens? 233 00:13:09,096 --> 00:13:11,869 Well, glucose is still turned into pyruvate 234 00:13:11,869 --> 00:13:13,119 via glycolysis, 235 00:13:14,535 --> 00:13:17,324 but the problem is that pyruvate 236 00:13:17,324 --> 00:13:20,129 is now turning to lactic acid, 237 00:13:20,129 --> 00:13:23,323 because there's no oxygen present. 238 00:13:23,323 --> 00:13:25,596 Now if you've ever heard of lactic acid before, 239 00:13:25,596 --> 00:13:29,598 you have heard lactic acid, workouts, burning muscles. 240 00:13:29,598 --> 00:13:32,681 Lactic acid is the fluid, the liquid, 241 00:13:33,690 --> 00:13:36,680 that can end up building up in the muscles, 242 00:13:36,680 --> 00:13:39,199 causing that burning sensation 243 00:13:39,199 --> 00:13:42,606 when there's not enough oxygen. 244 00:13:42,606 --> 00:13:45,689 Because anaerobic, or without oxygen, 245 00:13:46,989 --> 00:13:49,989 nothing in the mitochondria can run.