1 00:00:01,510 --> 00:00:02,952 - [Voiceover] In this chapter we're looking at 2 00:00:02,952 --> 00:00:04,119 the chemistry. 3 00:00:06,139 --> 00:00:09,344 So first off, what is chemistry? 4 00:00:09,344 --> 00:00:13,511 In the most basic sense chemistry is the study of matter. 5 00:00:14,849 --> 00:00:18,916 It's looking at the different parts and pieces around us. 6 00:00:18,916 --> 00:00:20,166 What is matter? 7 00:00:21,010 --> 00:00:24,257 Matter is anything that occupies space 8 00:00:24,257 --> 00:00:26,674 and that has some mass to it. 9 00:00:28,727 --> 00:00:32,512 Now matter is always composed of elements. 10 00:00:32,512 --> 00:00:34,448 So you look around, and you say OK, what's matter? 11 00:00:34,448 --> 00:00:36,045 (mumbling) screen you're looking at, 12 00:00:36,045 --> 00:00:38,024 or the tablet screen you're on. 13 00:00:38,024 --> 00:00:40,232 Can look at any pens or pencils. 14 00:00:40,232 --> 00:00:42,278 They're made of matter. 15 00:00:42,278 --> 00:00:45,959 Floor, walls, ceilings, plants, boxes, textbooks. 16 00:00:45,959 --> 00:00:49,959 Anything is made of matter if it occupies space. 17 00:00:51,815 --> 00:00:55,982 It can occupy a lot of space like the entire office complex, 18 00:00:56,890 --> 00:01:01,057 or it can occupy a tiny minuscule amount of space. 19 00:01:02,186 --> 00:01:06,019 Think of an ant, or even go smaller than that. 20 00:01:07,147 --> 00:01:10,641 So these elements that make up the matter, 21 00:01:10,641 --> 00:01:13,724 these elements are the simplest form. 22 00:01:14,630 --> 00:01:16,627 They cannot be broken down. 23 00:01:16,627 --> 00:01:20,394 They cannot be broken into smaller elements. 24 00:01:20,394 --> 00:01:24,227 The element is the most basic system there is. 25 00:01:25,429 --> 00:01:27,338 Gold is an element. 26 00:01:27,338 --> 00:01:29,644 Silver is an element. 27 00:01:29,644 --> 00:01:31,394 Copper is an element. 28 00:01:32,799 --> 00:01:34,995 Oxygen is an element. 29 00:01:34,995 --> 00:01:36,912 Hydrogen is an element. 30 00:01:38,652 --> 00:01:41,320 So those are all pretty simple, pretty basic, sure. 31 00:01:41,320 --> 00:01:42,153 Water. 32 00:01:42,996 --> 00:01:45,268 Water is not an element. 33 00:01:45,268 --> 00:01:46,351 Water is H2O. 34 00:01:49,047 --> 00:01:52,211 It's hydrogen and oxygen together. 35 00:01:52,211 --> 00:01:55,590 It takes two elements, hydrogen and oxygen, 36 00:01:55,590 --> 00:01:57,007 to make up water. 37 00:01:57,990 --> 00:02:01,093 So elements, no matter how small of particles you 38 00:02:01,093 --> 00:02:04,676 break them into, are always the same thing. 39 00:02:05,839 --> 00:02:09,031 And all these elements are listed throughout 40 00:02:09,031 --> 00:02:10,614 the periodic table. 41 00:02:11,772 --> 00:02:15,502 So here's an example of the periodic table. 42 00:02:15,502 --> 00:02:18,080 Now as you look across it you'll notice a lot of 43 00:02:18,080 --> 00:02:20,479 letters and numbers. 44 00:02:20,479 --> 00:02:24,000 What you're looking at is the smallest and simplest 45 00:02:24,000 --> 00:02:27,000 of all elements are towards the top. 46 00:02:28,253 --> 00:02:32,420 Number one, that's gonna be your simplest, hydrogen. 47 00:02:35,138 --> 00:02:37,279 As you go across, your number two is helium, 48 00:02:37,279 --> 00:02:40,684 three is lithium, they keep going on. 49 00:02:40,684 --> 00:02:45,057 Where it gets important for human beings is number six, 50 00:02:45,057 --> 00:02:47,635 which is C, or carbon. 51 00:02:47,635 --> 00:02:50,977 Number seven, N, which is nitrogen. 52 00:02:50,977 --> 00:02:53,894 Eight, which is O, which is oxygen. 53 00:02:55,514 --> 00:02:59,669 Those are some pretty basic and pretty simple components. 54 00:02:59,669 --> 00:03:03,913 And you notice because they're in the lighter shaded tone 55 00:03:03,913 --> 00:03:05,496 they're non-metals. 56 00:03:06,954 --> 00:03:11,239 Most of these periodic elements, the darker shaded tone, 57 00:03:11,239 --> 00:03:15,156 which are metals, you can see are the majority of them. 58 00:03:15,156 --> 00:03:17,517 As you go down towards the bottom of the chart 59 00:03:17,517 --> 00:03:20,773 the numbers get larger, and odds are you probably haven't 60 00:03:20,773 --> 00:03:23,406 heard of a lot of these abbreviations or have any idea 61 00:03:23,406 --> 00:03:25,240 about some of these things. 62 00:03:25,240 --> 00:03:26,342 They're more on the rare side. 63 00:03:26,342 --> 00:03:29,241 They're not really seen very often. 64 00:03:29,241 --> 00:03:33,408 So the most common forms are up higher in the chart. 65 00:03:34,295 --> 00:03:38,826 For instance, number 26, ethene, that's simply iron. 66 00:03:38,826 --> 00:03:40,909 Twenty-eight, NI, nickel. 67 00:03:42,310 --> 00:03:43,847 So you can go through, and a lot of these you probably 68 00:03:43,847 --> 00:03:44,948 have heard before, 69 00:03:44,948 --> 00:03:48,129 just maybe not sure of all of the abbreviations yet. 70 00:03:48,129 --> 00:03:51,166 But for our purposes we're looking at the idea of 71 00:03:51,166 --> 00:03:54,474 what this chart is telling us. 72 00:03:54,474 --> 00:03:58,057 The first row across only has two elements. 73 00:03:59,235 --> 00:04:02,402 That means the outer ring of electrons 74 00:04:03,837 --> 00:04:06,170 can only hold two electrons. 75 00:04:07,727 --> 00:04:09,971 You're saying electrons, what are those? 76 00:04:09,971 --> 00:04:14,138 Electrons are negatively charged parts of an atom. 77 00:04:17,161 --> 00:04:20,411 They usually circle around the element. 78 00:04:21,881 --> 00:04:23,440 Well, if you go into the second row, you can see there's 79 00:04:23,440 --> 00:04:26,190 a total of eight elements across. 80 00:04:27,644 --> 00:04:31,103 That means the outer shell for these is gonna have 81 00:04:31,103 --> 00:04:33,186 eight electrons possible. 82 00:04:35,273 --> 00:04:37,949 You're saying well, how do you know which one is which? 83 00:04:37,949 --> 00:04:42,493 Well, the first column, which is number three LI, 84 00:04:42,493 --> 00:04:46,104 has one electron in the outer shell. 85 00:04:46,104 --> 00:04:51,003 Second column, number four, BE, has two electrons. 86 00:04:51,003 --> 00:04:55,170 Third column, number five, B, has three electrons. 87 00:04:58,019 --> 00:05:01,373 Fourth column, number six, C for carbon, 88 00:05:01,373 --> 00:05:03,790 is gonna have four electrons. 89 00:05:04,715 --> 00:05:08,179 Five is found for number seven, nitrogen. 90 00:05:08,179 --> 00:05:10,470 There's six electrons in the outer shell 91 00:05:10,470 --> 00:05:12,548 for eight, oxygen. 92 00:05:12,548 --> 00:05:16,901 Seven electrons in the outer shell for nine, flourine. 93 00:05:16,901 --> 00:05:20,984 And a total of eight electrons in the outer shell 94 00:05:22,193 --> 00:05:23,526 for NE, or neon. 95 00:05:26,035 --> 00:05:29,410 So now we have basically going down tells you how many 96 00:05:29,410 --> 00:05:32,160 electrons are in the outer shell. 97 00:05:33,533 --> 00:05:38,111 Now atoms are gonna consist of several different parts. 98 00:05:38,111 --> 00:05:40,080 They're gonna consist of their nucleus, 99 00:05:40,080 --> 00:05:41,361 which is the central core. 100 00:05:41,361 --> 00:05:45,262 It's what's really the very center or heart of an atom. 101 00:05:45,262 --> 00:05:47,608 Then they have the shell around it. 102 00:05:47,608 --> 00:05:50,992 The shell, as I mentioned, contains electrons. 103 00:05:50,992 --> 00:05:53,337 Well, let's start with the nucleus. 104 00:05:53,337 --> 00:05:57,380 You can find protons inside the nucleus. 105 00:05:57,380 --> 00:06:01,039 Protons are small particles that will have a slight 106 00:06:01,039 --> 00:06:04,289 positive charge, and they do have mass. 107 00:06:05,264 --> 00:06:07,717 You can actually weigh a proton. 108 00:06:07,717 --> 00:06:09,497 Now it's not gonna weigh very much, 109 00:06:09,497 --> 00:06:13,664 but you could actually weigh it and have mass behind it. 110 00:06:14,575 --> 00:06:19,257 The second component of the nucleus are neutrons. 111 00:06:19,257 --> 00:06:21,708 Now neutrons do not have a charge. 112 00:06:21,708 --> 00:06:25,875 Think of neutrons as neutral, and neutrons also have mass. 113 00:06:27,791 --> 00:06:31,958 That means both protons and neutrons give weight to an atom, 114 00:06:33,239 --> 00:06:35,239 or give mass to an atom. 115 00:06:36,446 --> 00:06:40,617 While the electrons that are found in the shell or found 116 00:06:40,617 --> 00:06:44,800 kind of circling around the outside of the nucleus, 117 00:06:44,800 --> 00:06:48,216 they're gonna have a negative charge. 118 00:06:48,216 --> 00:06:51,453 But really, even though they have a negative charge, 119 00:06:51,453 --> 00:06:54,586 there's pretty much no mass found. 120 00:06:54,586 --> 00:06:57,671 There's no discernible mass. 121 00:06:57,671 --> 00:07:01,213 So we have our protons, neutrons, electrons 122 00:07:01,213 --> 00:07:02,546 make up an atom. 123 00:07:04,231 --> 00:07:07,980 Now majority of the atoms will have some protons, 124 00:07:07,980 --> 00:07:11,017 some neutrons and some electrons. 125 00:07:11,017 --> 00:07:15,872 But some of the smallest do not have all three components. 126 00:07:15,872 --> 00:07:16,705 So you can think of it this way. 127 00:07:16,705 --> 00:07:19,777 Protons, P, positive, proton positive. 128 00:07:19,777 --> 00:07:23,222 Neutrons, neutral, neutrons neutral. 129 00:07:23,222 --> 00:07:26,160 Electrons, though, gotta remember that one (mumbling). 130 00:07:26,160 --> 00:07:28,070 Electrons, negative. 131 00:07:28,070 --> 00:07:30,820 Electrons have a negative charge. 132 00:07:32,188 --> 00:07:34,905 Up top here we see hydrogen. 133 00:07:34,905 --> 00:07:38,862 Now hydrogen is the simplest of all the elements. 134 00:07:38,862 --> 00:07:41,748 It's the first in the periodic table. 135 00:07:41,748 --> 00:07:44,665 It has one proton and one electron. 136 00:07:46,497 --> 00:07:48,956 That's as simple as it will get. 137 00:07:48,956 --> 00:07:53,123 Notice how the electron is out in that blue sphere. 138 00:07:54,204 --> 00:07:56,690 You can find the electron any place out there. 139 00:07:56,690 --> 00:08:00,388 It's constantly bouncing around, moving all around. 140 00:08:00,388 --> 00:08:04,011 The proton though, will always be the nucleus. 141 00:08:04,011 --> 00:08:08,178 The proton can be the center anchor or core of the element. 142 00:08:10,236 --> 00:08:15,018 As you get more complex moving down to B, oxygen. 143 00:08:15,018 --> 00:08:17,674 In oxygen you can see you have eight protons 144 00:08:17,674 --> 00:08:19,257 and eight neutrons. 145 00:08:21,380 --> 00:08:25,849 But it also says you have eight electrons in two shells. 146 00:08:25,849 --> 00:08:30,318 What this means, if you remember back to the periodic table, 147 00:08:30,318 --> 00:08:33,151 oxygen is found in the second row. 148 00:08:34,895 --> 00:08:39,001 That means there is one row up top which has the inner shell 149 00:08:39,001 --> 00:08:41,836 maximum of two electrons. 150 00:08:41,836 --> 00:08:44,772 But oxygen's in the second row, 151 00:08:44,772 --> 00:08:48,998 which contains a second shell that means. 152 00:08:48,998 --> 00:08:51,767 If you're looking at the electrons, the little negative 153 00:08:51,767 --> 00:08:55,934 symbols in the two red spheres, you can see the smaller, 154 00:08:57,080 --> 00:09:00,247 inner sphere has two negative symbols. 155 00:09:01,156 --> 00:09:05,323 That means it has two electrons floating around it. 156 00:09:06,363 --> 00:09:11,174 But the larger outer red sphere is going to have 157 00:09:11,174 --> 00:09:12,341 six electrons. 158 00:09:15,059 --> 00:09:17,585 Now we know that it could take up to eight, 159 00:09:17,585 --> 00:09:20,370 but it only contains six. 160 00:09:20,370 --> 00:09:22,969 And we can know that it should be six 161 00:09:22,969 --> 00:09:26,409 by looking at the periodic table. 162 00:09:26,409 --> 00:09:29,781 If you look at the periodic table, you'll notice that oxygen 163 00:09:29,781 --> 00:09:33,281 is in the sixth column in that second row. 164 00:09:37,274 --> 00:09:41,412 So we have a total of electrons, two in the first column, 165 00:09:41,412 --> 00:09:43,745 then six in the outer shell. 166 00:09:45,873 --> 00:09:49,672 Let's go to the very bottom, sodium, the yellow. 167 00:09:49,672 --> 00:09:53,839 You can see that sodium has three yellow spheres around it. 168 00:09:54,949 --> 00:09:59,116 That's symbolizing the three different shells of electrons. 169 00:10:00,779 --> 00:10:03,981 We know sodium must have three shells because when we 170 00:10:03,981 --> 00:10:05,908 look at the periodic table, 171 00:10:05,908 --> 00:10:09,158 sodium is in the third row of elements. 172 00:10:11,227 --> 00:10:14,438 So that means the first row we know contains two electrons 173 00:10:14,438 --> 00:10:18,019 in the first shell, the smallest sphere. 174 00:10:18,019 --> 00:10:22,307 Then the second row can max out at eight electrons, 175 00:10:22,307 --> 00:10:26,474 which sodium has eight electrons in that second shell. 176 00:10:27,620 --> 00:10:31,787 And the third shell, the outer shell, only has one electron. 177 00:10:34,097 --> 00:10:37,743 Well, we know it has one because sodium is in the first 178 00:10:37,743 --> 00:10:39,743 column in the third row. 179 00:10:42,217 --> 00:10:47,098 So as you build these spheres, first, second, third shell, 180 00:10:47,098 --> 00:10:51,211 each one is gonna fill up based on how many potential 181 00:10:51,211 --> 00:10:53,547 electrons it can hold. 182 00:10:53,547 --> 00:10:55,547 First shell, max of two. 183 00:10:56,612 --> 00:10:58,862 Second shell, max of eight. 184 00:10:59,740 --> 00:11:01,907 Third shell, max of eight. 185 00:11:03,361 --> 00:11:05,316 Now if you go down the chart, the periodic table, 186 00:11:05,316 --> 00:11:06,825 there are more shells beyond. 187 00:11:06,825 --> 00:11:09,058 We're not touching those, don't worry. 188 00:11:09,058 --> 00:11:13,006 We're looking at the basic first three rows. 189 00:11:13,006 --> 00:11:17,173 So you can have a two-eight-eight pattern as the maximum. 190 00:11:20,726 --> 00:11:22,529 Look at these atomic symbols. 191 00:11:22,529 --> 00:11:24,355 They're usually one or two letters. 192 00:11:24,355 --> 00:11:25,975 Na stands for sodium. 193 00:11:25,975 --> 00:11:28,156 O stands for oxygen. 194 00:11:28,156 --> 00:11:30,713 We saw H stands for hydrogen. 195 00:11:30,713 --> 00:11:33,578 We saw C stands for carbon. 196 00:11:33,578 --> 00:11:36,013 So there are a lot of different letter abbreviations 197 00:11:36,013 --> 00:11:39,096 to symbolize all the different atoms. 198 00:11:40,428 --> 00:11:43,876 The atomic number that you see is the number of 199 00:11:43,876 --> 00:11:45,209 protons present. 200 00:11:46,756 --> 00:11:49,049 So if you looked at that periodic table, 201 00:11:49,049 --> 00:11:52,966 hydrogen was atomic number one, had one proton. 202 00:11:54,116 --> 00:11:57,866 Helium is atomic number two, has two protons. 203 00:12:00,575 --> 00:12:03,484 Refer back to the previous page, we said oxygen 204 00:12:03,484 --> 00:12:04,984 had eight protons. 205 00:12:06,200 --> 00:12:10,033 That's because it has the atomic number eight. 206 00:12:11,525 --> 00:12:15,113 The atomic mass, well it's usually pretty close to 207 00:12:15,113 --> 00:12:18,253 the number of protons and neutrons. 208 00:12:18,253 --> 00:12:22,013 The reason it's only protons and neutrons remember, 209 00:12:22,013 --> 00:12:25,346 is electrons really don't have any mass. 210 00:12:27,759 --> 00:12:31,454 The only mass is found by the protons, 211 00:12:31,454 --> 00:12:33,014 which are a positive charge, 212 00:12:33,014 --> 00:12:35,681 and neutrons, which are neutral. 213 00:12:37,859 --> 00:12:40,629 So all of these different atoms, 214 00:12:40,629 --> 00:12:42,077 they're on your body, they're coming together, 215 00:12:42,077 --> 00:12:44,007 they're mixing and matching, 216 00:12:44,007 --> 00:12:48,318 they're helping form energy because we have energy 217 00:12:48,318 --> 00:12:50,561 to go about our daily lives. 218 00:12:50,561 --> 00:12:54,133 We have different forms of energy. 219 00:12:54,133 --> 00:12:56,627 One type is potential energy. 220 00:12:56,627 --> 00:12:59,350 That's your stored energy, the energy that you have 221 00:12:59,350 --> 00:13:02,639 ability to do action or to do work. 222 00:13:02,639 --> 00:13:05,711 Kinetic energy, energy in motion. 223 00:13:05,711 --> 00:13:08,461 It's what happens when you take your potential energy, 224 00:13:08,461 --> 00:13:11,654 you convert it into a movement. 225 00:13:11,654 --> 00:13:14,815 So you're taking potential energy and converting it 226 00:13:14,815 --> 00:13:16,482 into kinetic energy. 227 00:13:18,120 --> 00:13:22,287 So it's the energy in motion, the ability to do work. 228 00:13:23,317 --> 00:13:25,453 So you can take that potential energy, 229 00:13:25,453 --> 00:13:27,620 transform it into kinetic. 230 00:13:28,770 --> 00:13:30,715 You can kind of think of it this way. 231 00:13:30,715 --> 00:13:34,121 If you were to climb up a flight of stairs, 232 00:13:34,121 --> 00:13:37,977 would you be storing energy as you went up every stair? 233 00:13:37,977 --> 00:13:42,075 Sure, you're going against gravity, storing energy. 234 00:13:42,075 --> 00:13:46,607 Now if you took a basketball or any sports ball up to 235 00:13:46,607 --> 00:13:48,975 the second story with you, 236 00:13:48,975 --> 00:13:51,541 if you just let it go over the edge of the stairs, 237 00:13:51,541 --> 00:13:53,439 would it go back down? 238 00:13:53,439 --> 00:13:57,048 Of course, because the potential energy is being converted 239 00:13:57,048 --> 00:14:01,215 into kinetic energy as your movements, pulling down. 240 00:14:03,244 --> 00:14:06,496 Kind of think of it as this example in the book. 241 00:14:06,496 --> 00:14:10,936 Potential energy is found in the chemical bonds of these 242 00:14:10,936 --> 00:14:14,471 energy storing molecules in the diver. 243 00:14:14,471 --> 00:14:17,099 Well, once he starts to perform his dive, 244 00:14:17,099 --> 00:14:21,163 that potential energy is converted to kinetic. 245 00:14:21,163 --> 00:14:25,828 He uses the energy that's been stored to create a movement 246 00:14:25,828 --> 00:14:28,078 to cause the diving action. 247 00:14:29,393 --> 00:14:33,560 So potential stored, kinetic, the energy of movement.