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- [Voiceover] Good old statistics.

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You have to appreciate statistics.

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They're great at helping to organize data.

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Now, the idea of this confidence in data,

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well they give you different
confidences depending on

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is it a high confidence that

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this pretty good reason

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that everything fell at one point here.

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Or is it low confidence

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with a lot of variability.

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But one thing to keep in
mind about statistics,

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depending on how statistics are presented

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they can kind of

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show the data in different ways,

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depending on how the graph is shown.

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Is the graph evenly spaced

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across the whole plane.

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Is it going one, two, three, four, five,

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six, seven for instance.

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Or is it going

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two, four, six, eight

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and also compressing everything.

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The graph is meant to give you a picture

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but depending on how

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the picture is made

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can also partially determine

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what the statistics show.

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What particular features
are you looking for?

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It's all based on what
information was given,

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as far as what the statistics can show.

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When we start looking at
this mass media again,

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anecdotes from scientific evidence.

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Basically an anecdote

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is testimony

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or unverified reports.

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It's someone claiming to have seen

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the Abominable Snowman maybe,

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but they don't have pictures,

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they don't have proof.

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That would be an anecdotal report

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because they're claiming it is

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but there's no proof to show it happened.

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Scientific evidence

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is when you have the proof.

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So if someone claimed
to have found Big Foot

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they have pictures of it,

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they have

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maybe a carcass from

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an Abominable Snowman
that has passed along.

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The idea is though

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there is something physical to show.

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The difference of anecdotes

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from scientific evidence.

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Anecdotes, (mumbles)

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say pretty much anything,

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it's not verified.

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Scientific evidence,

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there's proof

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through experimentation.

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There's proof through physical evidence.

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There's something that shows

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that the statement is accurate.

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Separation of facts and conclusions.

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Conclusions,

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is just basically one's judgement
from the facts they have.

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You conclude that

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if you're looking at leaves on a tree

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and they're orange and reds

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and yellows,

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the leaves have started to change colors.

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Well the fact is

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that tree has red leaves,

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that tree has orange leaves,

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that tree has yellow leaves.

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Well the leaves are changing colors

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so you conclude

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or you make a conclusion

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saying it must be Fall

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because during Fall

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leaves change color.

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So if the judgement,

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you made the judgement that it is Fall

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based on the fact

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of the leaves changing colors.

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Now we start thinking about
correlations and causations.

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So gone through anecdotes and evidence,

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we gone through

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a bunch of different groupings here.

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But when we start looking
at the difference between

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correlation and causation,

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now two events may both
occur at the same time

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but not be related.

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You could have one person

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in one city

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jump up an down.

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Another person in a totally different city

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at the exact same instant

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could lie down.

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Do they have anything
to do with each other?

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No.

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You could look at a stream

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running downhill,

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down a mountain.

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As that stream runs downhill

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you can notice a leaf falls from a tree.

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Do they relate at all?

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No, not necessarily.

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So therefore,

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they are correlated

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because they both occur at the same time

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but they do not cause each other.

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The running water did not
cause the leaf to fall.

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The leaf falling

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did not cause the water to fall.

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In the other example,

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the person jumping

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in one city

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did not cause the person to
lie down in another city.

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Just like the person that lied down

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didn't cause the person to jump

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in a different city.

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So here's ones that's kind of

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a weird morbid one that
comes out of the book but,

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drownings and ice cream sales

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both increase at the same time.

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Well does that mean
more people are drowning

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because they're eating ice cream?

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That doesn't make a lot a sense.

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So they're correlated

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because they both occur at the same time.

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Typically you'll increase
the amount of drownings

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and increase the amount of ice cream sales

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in the summer time.

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Why?

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They're correlated because
they're both in summer,

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same time

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and both warm.

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It's more common to go
swimming when it's warm.

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It's more common to eat
ice cream when it's warm.

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So they're correlated

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by that same time,

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probably same temperature idea

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but neither one causes the other one.

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So science is consistently

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improving technology
and the human condition.

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Look at the life
expectancy of individuals.

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That's improving constantly
based on technology.

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So what'll happen is

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you apply the technology

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that was discovered

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through scientific processes.

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Think about some a the ways that

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energy is produced nowadays.

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You start thinking of solar production,

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wind production,

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geothermal production.

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All these technologies

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came about because of
scientific discoveries.

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Discoveries on the case of solar,

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how to convert the sun's light

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into an energy source.

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Wind,

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how to take the wind,

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which is more of a older technology

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and just cause it to spin a turbine

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to generate energy.

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Geothermal,

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learning how to capture the heat

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from the Earth and utilize it

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in home environments

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or business environments.

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But there are limits.

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There are physical explanations
for the natural world.

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Why is this rock hard?

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Why is the wind blowing right now?

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Why is this planet...

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The problem is,

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it cannot explain everything.

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Science can help us make informed choices.

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Science look at the facts,

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it helps you draw your conclusions

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but science can not always say why

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someone's in a bad mood,

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or why is this person happy right now.

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Sometimes things are beyond limitation.

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So science can be very very helpful

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but it can't answer everything.

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So as far as science and society,

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just take a look.

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Look around you,

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see what you see around you

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and know hey,

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this is because of that invention

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or this is because of
this experimentation.

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But just keep in mind,

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when you see something in the mass media,

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in the news,

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on the internet,

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just take a second to think

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before you say "Oh it must be true."

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Just stop, think,

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be a little skeptical.

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Just ask yourself,

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"Well why are they saying that's true?

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What's the sources behind it?"